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目标片段我这一期播客一方面想要谈论描绘中国左右之分的混乱。在现代中文语境中是一个我们的现象，我们独有的现象，它之所以会如此混乱，等于是播客。最后我会试图描绘的历史原因，让我在这里先极快的概括一遍，是因为我们在过去一百年中独有的历史原因，导致在中国的现代化进程中，不存在真正的右派，没有传统意义上符合西方定义的保守主义。我们在过去一百年中，从来没有过想要维系传统维系、宗族维系、礼教、维系、封建维系已有制度维系、
来源片段And I think particularly of the ambivalences that you get in Chinese history. So on the one hand, he has always served the Chinese as the kind of the archetype of a bad emperor, of a tyrant, of a totalitarian figure. Yeah. He embodies totalitarian trends, as we will see. But on the other hand, there is also a sense that he is the first emperor, he is the first person who constitutes the imperial state of China. And he does this by redeeming what had previously been fractured kingdoms from chaos.
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Yeah. And I think obviously we are living as we do in the West and much more familiar with the kind of the great kings and emperors of the ancient civilizations of the Near East or the Mediterranean. But I think that there is a sense in which Ji Wangdi, the first emperor, is the equivalent of those figures. But of course, he is also very, very distinctively Chinese. Right. And I think that he embodies a totalitarianism beyond even that that was dreamed of, say by Akhenaten, who is the kind of classic totalitarian figure in Egyptian history, because unlike Akhenaten, who essentially has to kind
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为什么我说英美的左右和欧陆的左右有这么一个微妙的区别，这是我的个人看法。就是因为我觉得生活在英美的当时的这些讲英语的思想家，或者说旁观者，他们不像住在法国的那些人一样，亲身经历了革命本身的血腥和灾难。所以说他们一开始对于大革命的这个看法是一个一方面是更加抽象的，更加浪漫的看法，更像是他们在乎的是革命代表的历史意义。这个法国大革命是否意味着历史的终结？
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And so emperors throughout Chinese history, you don't have the 43rd emperor or whatever that tradition fades with the first and second emperor. And so in that sense, the kind of the portrait that we have of him is not one that he would would have wanted. And that's why throughout the span of Chinese history, he's cast as a tyrant. Yeah. Because confusions dominate the scholarship, right? Completely. And they say bad guy, tyrant, totalitarian. I mean, that guy, you quoted Jia He. His thing is called the Faults of Qin. And he says, you know, Qin became a great power, but the ruler lacked humanness and rightness.
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鲁迅一直以来就是一个进步。左派。我们不能够因为一些左派他不够进步，就给他扣上了右派的大帽子，对吧？这个左右之分，就像我刚才花了25分钟讨论的这个左右之分，他是有历史渊源的。严谨的来说，你不能因为一个人不够进步，就管他叫做右派。所有参与过新文化运动的人，他们就是中国传统的摧毁者。他们是对于儒家礼教嗤之以鼻的人，他们是站在反对封建传统的基础上，相信进步，相信理性，相信科学，