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目标片段它不光给美国黑人传授了一种错误的公民教育，它还给美国的其他族裔传授了错误的公民教育。我们在这里谈的是宪法精神，想要传播的是怎样的公民教育它想要传播的是每一个美国人应该是一个独立的、有尊严的，能够追求自己幸福和自由的人。但是平权运动的这个政策，它传播了一个完全相反的意思，它鼓励所有的美国黑人，不管你的技能和才能高低与否，都应该把自己当做一个永久性的受害者，一个应该需要并且应该获得特殊帮助的受害者。
来源片段What Roosevelt has engaged in is what in Europe would be called a form of social democracy. It's not as fully developed in America as in Europe, but it's following similar principles. And liberalism in America becomes a kind of synonym for social democracy. It's putting people in a position to enjoy and make the most of their freedom. And for that, a strong federal state looking after both the individual and common good becomes absolutely essential. And that is what is at the heart of the New Deal.
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Some of them are major projects for reconstructing the economy, and the bill goes on for four or five pages, and Congress is asked to sign off on them without a lot of detail, and they agreed to do so because the sense is the economy is in such a grave state that urgent executive action is needed immediately, and Congress is willing to go along. If we look more closely at the 15 pieces of legislation, they have different motivations, and it reflects the fact that Roosevelt had not yet settled fully on one program of political economy. Some bills were directed at elite groups and interests in American society. He wanted to put the banks back on their feet. He wanted to cartelize American industry, which is a way of saying he was encouraging oligopoly, encouraging them to get together, restrain production, coordinate with each other, made a lot of sense, but it was also increasing elite power.
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这就是当年的美国美国经济腾飞差不多在中国经济开始腾飞的时候，就已经开始陆陆续续告了一个段落。所以说当时怎么说呢？在三十年代提议美国政府应该控制经济，它是建立在一个完全错误的停滞论基础之上的。当时罗斯福内阁中的重要成员，他的主张是美国经济即将要停滞了。我们只能够通过政府干预来支撑，即将要停滞的美国经济。三十年代的美国比以往任何时候都需要一个更加强大的国家政府来控制国家经济。我们需要什么？我们需要enlightened administration开明的中央政府管理OK到这里，
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A very progressive Wealth Tax Act, 75% on the highest wage earners in the United States, a massive jobs program, Works Progress Administration, five million jobs created directly by the federal government you are then employed by the federal government. It's a decisive turn to the left of the political spectrum. And it firmly puts the new deal on the side of the poor, the working class, and to a certain extent the middling orders of American society. And this turn on Roosevelt's part is what excites the voting public and leads to his landslide victory in 1936. If he had not turned in this direction, I think the results of 1936 would have been quite different.
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最高法院当时说，你这个计划违反了美国宪法里三权分立的原则，你不能够把这么多的行政自由和行政权利委托，给不受选民控制的管理人员。当时除了美国大法官所在的司法分支，在阻止小罗斯福还有另外一股势力，也在阻止小罗斯福代表的行政分支。当然就是美国三权分立中的第三个权利。第三，股权利，美国的立法体系国会在1938年的中期选举中，我们看到了国会保守主义的复苏。怎么个复苏呢？就是专门复苏出来反对小罗斯福提出的这个国家工业复兴法1938年的国会中期选举。中共和党赢得了72个众议员席位和7个参议员席位。
来源片段
And it firmly puts the new deal on the side of the poor, the working class, and to a certain extent the middling orders of American society. And this turn on Roosevelt's part is what excites the voting public and leads to his landslide victory in 1936. If he had not turned in this direction, I think the results of 1936 would have been quite different. So he is reading the political situation clearly, intelligently, strategically, and he makes the right call, not because he suddenly himself has become a socialist or a social Democrat, even though the programs he's encouraging bring America a version of social democracy.
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不过在这里我想说的是，他的伟大社会计划确实仍然在国会和选民中引起了一些反对。在1966年的中期选举中，民主党在众议员和参议员虽然说占多数的情况下失去了47个席位，但是等到了66年中期选举那会儿，约翰逊的政府已经成功的在美国实施了自罗斯福经济大下调那会儿最雄心勃勃的自上而下的中央集中改革计划，我们下面来谈一谈这个改革计划，给美国社会和美国政府带来的改变。