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目标片段后现代主义认为世界上没有客观存在的真理，一切都是建构的。对于美国左派来说，种族性取向，甚至是性别都是建构出来的。有一些左派认为这个世界上没有男人，没有女人，这些都是后天社会的建构造成的。当然这个在不同的左派之间也有一些分歧。啊，那我们说回这个最基本的种族，种族是社会建构出来的，而且是由白人建构出来的，这不是自然的生物学很多持有这种批判种族理论的左派，认为种族是由一些身体特征，比如说肤色、头发、面部特征，加上一些想象的心理特征，这两种东西之间仍为关联起来的。
来源片段Look, though it's less acceptable than it was, large minorities of white Americans are racists. large minorities of people, maybe majorities are sexist. There's many homophobes. There are many people in our society who do not believe that everyone has an equal right to be heard. Now, there's different degrees and kinds of that, of course, and I think it should be understood as existing somewhat on a spectrum. But, and I'm not saying you're wrong to think they're unreasonable, but having this large-scale stigmatization of large sections of society as unreasonable cannot be maintained without reference to a broader, presumably liberal, comprehensive values system.
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There's moments when I'm clearly just ranting about the most arcane, eye-rolling minutiae of political philosophy, which I realised recording this is apparently something I care about. So, like, if you're listening to this, hopefully you do too, and you can get as excited by this stuff as I do. And like I say, even though this really does get into the weeds, I think this stuff does matter. So it's quite a long one. I've kept it as one episode because it's one sustained argument, but it might well be one you have to listen to in two settings or whatever. But yeah, I had a lot of fun with this, and it's great to go back and read all these texts that I haven't touched in a while. So I had a lot of fun with it, and I hope you find this interesting and informative.
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就目前来说，付费单集的编辑仍然会像免费普通单集一样粗制滥造，但是思想会穿透破抹布一样的制作水平，像钻石一样，一以生辉播客的其他内容不会有任何变化。而且如果有一些非常受欢迎的书本，或者是大家认为很重要的感兴趣的话题，我会把它我不会把它做成付费单集，读书会内容可能会出现一本简奥斯丁小说一个柏拉图对话，一个莎士比亚、戏剧等等等等都有可能。但是这个播客最重要的内容仍然会一直保持免费，大家完全没有充值的必要。那目前我只学会如何在小宇宙上上传付费单集。
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He's certainly not unaware of these sort of older liberals, but I think misunderstands the key difference between them and modern philosophical liberalism. I'm just going to sort of shorthand the Rawlsian project as modern philosophical liberalism, by the way. So in the same essay that I quoted from before in the Cambridge Companion, he says the big difference between Mill and Rawls is that, I'm quoting here, Rawls' account of the individual rights central to liberalism is not instrumental, end quote. So basically Rawls, according to this reading, values individual rights and freedoms because, again, a quote from Nagel, quote, he thinks they are good in themselves, end quote.
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霍布斯要稍微早一点，但是实际上不管是洛克还是霍布斯，他们的哲学著作中，从来没有出现过自由主义liberalism这个词。这个词是我们后代学者套到他们身上的这两个人都是18世纪的英国哲学家。我自己的博士论文研究的是19世纪自由主义。那19世纪自由主义和20世纪自由主义又是完全不同的。所以说不管我如何定义，一定可以被反驳。但是我想要给自由主义这个概念，这个意识形态一个最最最广泛的定义。
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The unreasonable, though, and this is the thing, the unreasonable would be far more numerous than modern philosophical liberals seem to imagine. I think they think it's just like a handful of religious lunatics. Look, though it's less acceptable than it was, large minorities of white Americans are racists. large minorities of people, maybe majorities are sexist. There's many homophobes. There are many people in our society who do not believe that everyone has an equal right to be heard. Now, there's different degrees and kinds of that, of course, and I think it should be understood as existing somewhat on a spectrum.
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当代美国左派不这么认为，他们认为现代美国社会最大的不公是由白人种族对于其他种族的压迫造成的。这种种族代替阶级理念上的代替，导致了一个有点奇特的现象。那就是在现代美国社会一些传统的古典马克思主义者，他们仍然相信，阶级斗争应该是社会最核心的斗争。阶级斗争不应该被种族斗争给代替。这些人。他们现在已经几乎在左派的边缘游离了，甚至要被挤出左派了。
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I actually think that it respects someone far more and on a deeper level and I just feel so comfortable. This isn't to say I respond to every Twitter troll, I don't, but I feel so comfortable engaging with the ideas of racists and bigots and so on because I think they're wrong. And ultimately, this is what I'm saying to them. I'm saying, listen, and I think this respects them far more, I will attempt to justify any use of coercion over you because of our shared humanity, because I respect you as an autonomous being.
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就像我之前那一期讲小红书和推特的播客里提到的一样，美国社交媒体上，其实没有真正的言论自由，言论自由的界限主要就是划在一些保守派观点，尤其是这些极右保守派观点，他们的账号在美国主流媒体上一般是会被封禁的，导致这些人一般都活跃在暗网上。怎么说呢？其实我也没有上过暗网，我没有去看过这些人的理论。我可以想象这些言论会让我感到如此的恶心和身理不适。