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目标片段英国政府的财政政策以及北美的消费者、市场共同构成了这场危机OK 接下来的问题是，北美殖民者为什么反对东印度公司的茶叶税收只是其中一层原因。北美殖民者长期以来喝的是走私进入北美的荷兰茶。由于逃避了英国关税，荷兰茶的价格是很便宜的。荷兰走私者和北美商人还在1760年代的抵制，因祸运动中积累了政治声誉和消费者支持。东印度公司突然凭借英国政府给予他们的特权进入北美市场，这威胁到了这个既有的荷兰走私公司和北美商人的商业网络OK 这里我们需要简单的了解一下英国重商主义和帝国贸易制度的基本逻辑18世纪的欧洲列强普遍认为殖民地应当为宗主国提供原料和市场。
来源片段Many Bostonians especially, but colonists in other port cities too, do not welcome the entry of this British mega conglomerate into the consumer market for tea in their cities, because they have primarily been consuming smuggled Dutch tea, which has been avoiding taxes and therefore is pretty cheap. And those Dutch smugglers and their American merchant allies have built a lot of goodwill with American consumers, especially since the consumer boycotts of the 1760s. And so when the British East India Company muscles its way into that consumer market, using leverage granted to it by a huge bailout that the British government offers the East India Company in the form of the Tea Act in 1773, many colonists are very wary.
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Certainly the British Army and Navy, the Royal Navy, which at one time was the most powerful Navy in the world in my period, the 18th century, they've been fighting global wars at long distances with delicate supply chains and logistical concerns for a very long time. So I think there are some parallels to how modern governments try to extend themselves and project their power around the world and the lessons maybe we can draw from looking back at the 18th century.
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18世纪本来就是一个全球化帝国化彼此纠缠的世界商业资本、军队、奴隶、思想和新闻已经能够在18世纪跨越大洋流动。所以，我们今天要回答的核心问题是，美国战争怎么样？
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What was the nature of the global trade in tea and how did it lead to these events in 1773? Most listeners will know about the Boston Tea Party. They will know it had something to do with coercive mercantilist measures from the British government. I have a feeling that, and I'm describing myself here as of a few days ago before I was reviewing your book, that the knowledge might stop there. What led to that moment in Boston? Yeah, I think that's right, Aaron. I think that's a common reaction. When we study the Boston Tea Party, let's say in school or in college, we often come in at the end of the story, right?
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从最熟悉的波士顿倒查事件开始，我相信大多数人都听过波士顿倒查事件。我在波士顿也住了15年。所以我不知道在多少人去看过那个港口。1773年12月16日，一批北美殖民者登上了停泊在波士顿港的商船，把大量茶叶倒入了海中。这个事件。这个行为随后成为了美国革命最著名的象征之一。我们在学校里通常会学到的解释是，英国政府向殖民地征税，并且通过重商主义政策，限制殖民地贸易。北美殖民者认为，既然他们在英国国会中没有代表没有政治力量，那么英国议会就没有权利向他们征税。
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We should be reminded, of course, that the tea they're dumping into Boston Harbour is Chinese tea from the mountains in the Fujian province, not too far from what was then Canton, what is now Guangzhou.
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这个故事就立刻从波士顿延伸到中国殖民者，到进波士顿港的茶叶产自中国，主要来自福建山区。
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The British East India Company is a deeply morally problematic expression of British commercial imperial power. It's autonomous from the British government and it runs roughshod of all sorts of obstacle standing in its way in India.
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这场北美殖民者和英国政府之间的冲突，我们还需要了解英国政府和东印度公司的关系。到了18世纪后，也东印度公司已经不再是一家普通贸易私人企业。
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It controls territory in Bengal in eastern India and it's presided over a massive famine in Bengal in the early 1770s that's seen 1. 2 million minimum Bengali people die of starvation on the East India Company's watch.
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东印度公司在孟加拉控制着大片领土，拥有军队行政机构和征税权，它已经发展成了一个拥有准主权权利的商业帝国。1770年前后，孟加拉发生了严重饥荒，大量孟加拉人死亡。
S1：2 个窗口回退
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It's autonomous from the British government and it runs roughshod of all sorts of obstacle standing in its way in India. It controls territory in Bengal in eastern India and it's presided over a massive famine in Bengal in the early 1770s that's seen 1. 2 million minimum Bengali people die of starvation on the East India Company's watch. And that awfulness has been front page news in Boston and in Philly and New York in the early 1770s. And now that company that's presided over the Bengal famine is trying to muscle its way into consumer markets in places like Boston.
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1770年前后，孟加拉发生了严重饥荒，大量孟加拉人死亡。东印度公司的统治征税政策和它对灾难的处置方式，让很多北美世界和英国人对它提出了广泛的批评。孟加拉饥荒不是一个和北美无关的遥远事件。北美报纸曾经在各种头版头条报道相关消息，波士顿费城和纽约的读者知道，东印度公司在亚洲已经展示了如何利用商业垄断军事实力和政治权利，控制着一个外国社会。
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And now that company that's presided over the Bengal famine is trying to muscle its way into consumer markets in places like Boston. You can see why commentators in those port cities, whether or not they have connections to Dutch smugglers, see this as a threat to colonial liberties and ways of life. They don't want these big guys muscling in. And so that leads to the protests against the East India Company. We call the Tea Party, although I should say no one called it the Tea Party at the time. It's a 1830s invention of a romanticized term that shaves off all the violence and opposition to the rule of law and opposition to property rights, though is what actually happened that night on Griffin's Wharf.
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这说明，北美殖民者的动机是有多重层次的地方商人要保护自己的利益，走私网络，要保护既有市场，普通消费者担心垄断政治活动家把东印度公司视为专断权力的象征，经济利益、宪政原则和对帝国公司统治的道德反感在这里交织到了一起。因此，1773年12月16日，抗议者登上了停在波士顿港的商船，把东印度公司的茶叶倒到了大海里面。今天我们会使用Boston Tea Party波士顿清茶党这个名称来描述这个事件Tea Party听起来像一个轻松幽默，
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It's a 1830s invention of a romanticized term that shaves off all the violence and opposition to the rule of law and opposition to property rights, though is what actually happened that night on Griffin's Wharf. It's a massive act of destruction of private property belonging to a global mega corporation.
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但实际上，当时的波士顿人没有使用这个名称，他一直到1830年代才逐渐被叫做Boston Tea Party是后来的美国民族记忆。对于这个事件的浪漫化处理，实际上当晚发生的是一场经过组织的大规模财产破坏抗议者非法登上船只毁掉属于东印度公司的商品公开挑战英国法律产权秩序和帝国政府的权威参与者，
S1：2 个窗口回退
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It's a 1830s invention of a romanticized term that shaves off all the violence and opposition to the rule of law and opposition to property rights, though is what actually happened that night on Griffin's Wharf. It's a massive act of destruction of private property belonging to a global mega corporation. The corporation is furious. The British government is furious about the violation of the rule of law. And it's one of the instigating moments, Aaron, in which you see a real change in at least the king's position in relation to the American colonists. The British parliament has made some blundering decisions in the 1760s. Think of the Stamp Act and the township duties.
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对于这个事件的浪漫化处理，实际上当晚发生的是一场经过组织的大规模财产破坏抗议者非法登上船只毁掉属于东印度公司的商品公开挑战英国法律产权秩序和帝国政府的权威参与者，试图把行动控制在茶叶这个特定目标上并没有无差别的抢劫船上的财物。但是，英国政府看到的可不是一场可爱的茶会，他看到的是实名者对英国法治和私有财产的公然攻击。东印度公司也要求英国政府维护自己的财产权，并且追究责任。这一事件改变了乔治三世，就是英王对于北美殖民地的态度1760年代围绕印花税法等等政策发生争议的时候，国王有时候还会对内阁的强硬措施表示疑虑，希望大臣可以重新考虑。
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And it's one of the instigating moments, Aaron, in which you see a real change in at least the king's position in relation to the American colonists. The British parliament has made some blundering decisions in the 1760s. Think of the Stamp Act and the township duties. But back then the king had been like, hold your horses, Prime Minister. I'm not sure these are good decisions you're making. Could you maybe rethink them? But after the Tea Party, he's like, maybe I was wrong. Maybe I was too lenient on these American colonists. If they're willing to violate property rights, if they're willing to abandon the rule of law to attack this Chinese tea owned by the East India Company, then maybe I should toughen my stance against these colonists.
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但是，英国政府看到的可不是一场可爱的茶会，他看到的是实名者对英国法治和私有财产的公然攻击。东印度公司也要求英国政府维护自己的财产权，并且追究责任。这一事件改变了乔治三世，就是英王对于北美殖民地的态度1760年代围绕印花税法等等政策发生争议的时候，国王有时候还会对内阁的强硬措施表示疑虑，希望大臣可以重新考虑。但是，波士顿清查事件之后，英国国王逐渐相信，英国过去过于宽容殖民者，既然愿意攻击合法商品，摧毁私人财产，并且挑战帝国法律。
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We often simplify, I think, to cartoonish ideas that, first of all, every white colonist was a patriot, which is factually very, very wrong. And also that every white patriot was motivated by high ideals and natural rights philosophy, taxation on their representation, right to revolution, self-determination, etc.
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美国建国史通常把北美革命者描述成一群受到启蒙主义洛克思想鼓舞的人，他们真的相信natural rights、自然权利， 反对无代表征税，并且依据人民自觉和反抗暴政的原则，建立了共和国。
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There's a great piece of scholarship, a book called The Common Cause by Robert Parkinson, an American historian, and he argues that clever patriot propagandists and writers like Paul Revere and Samuel Adams and even Thomas Jefferson try to whip up certain segments of the American people in sort of racist and xenophobic ways to get them very upset about invading Hessian German soldiers, to get them very upset that Britain is about to free the slaves and black people will murder them in their beds and get them very upset about so-called merciless Indian savages on the frontier who are going to rush in and kill their wives and family.
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居民关心原住民冲突，奴隶主担心英国政策是否会动摇奴隶制度，事实就是， 哪怕是备受尊重的。美国国父，比如说Samuel Adams Paul Revere 还有杰弗逊，这些爱国派宣传者，也会利用种族和排外情绪扩大支持他们一方面传播自然权利和反对暴政的思想，一方面，也利用种族和排外恐惧。
S1：3 个窗口回退
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invading Hessian German soldiers, to get them very upset that Britain is about to free the slaves and black people will murder them in their beds and get them very upset about so-called merciless Indian savages on the frontier who are going to rush in and kill their wives and family. These fears are based on hyperbolic reporting and some cheap racist and anti-foreign tropes, but then as now, pushing those buttons can actually be very powerful. A good way to transition from the global tea trade to British sentiment is the figure of Edmund Burke who is sort of central both to the question of the British debate over American independence, but also it strikes me this debate about the British role in India.
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然而，北美爱国派宣传经常把这些原住民笼吼地称为残忍无情的印第安野蛮人Cruel Indian Barbarians声称，他们即将袭击边境部落杀害殖民者的妻子和孩子。这个叙事，抹除了原住民自身的政治判断，也掩盖了北美殖民者不断向西扩张，侵占原住民土地的背景。我想说的是，这些关于德国黑森兵黑人和原住民的报道往往是混合着谣言夸大事实的，并且借助着廉价的种族刻板印象传播。
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And one of the chapters, the book is arranged thematically, by the way, each chapter takes on a different global topic, one of which is India, one of which is the British view from within Britain, the American revolution through British eyes. And I call that chapter disunited kingdom, which I think tells you everything about my argument there that actually the British people are not lined up loyally behind their king and their prime minister, Lord North in the prosecution of the war against the American patriots. There's actually a huge amount of internal division among the British people about whether King George's war is a good idea or not. And for some of those, let's say dissenters against the king's policy and Lord North policy, their rationale is economic.
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任何一个方面都会让我们无法解释美国革命为什么能够得到足够广泛的社会支持？讨论完了，北美殖民者之后，我们需要把目光转向英国国土传统美国革命叙事，经常把英国写成一个行动，统一的帝国，就是国王 议会、 英国商人， 英国民众共同支持镇压北美殖民地。实际上，英国国内并没有团结一致的支持战争。英国政府拥有更强大的军队和财政能力。英国社会对于这场战争却始终没有形成任何稳固共识。
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And the upshot is the Bristol is going to wither and die on the vine and other MPs are making similar points in other port cities. So it's a reminder that in Parliament, there are all sorts of factions. They don't actually have political parties yet, they will come later. But there are all sorts of factions arrayed against the government faction, which is by far the largest faction. But all of those factions are united in the idea that the American war is counterproductive for Britain. Some of those critics are sympathetic to the patriots and their, you know, their cries for representation in Parliament. But for many like Burke, it's the simple economics, right? We are shooting ourselves in the foot to be at war with our primary trading partners, give them some of what they want and let's resume this trade, even give them independence.
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统一的帝国，就是国王 议会、 英国商人， 英国民众共同支持镇压北美殖民地。实际上，英国国内并没有团结一致的支持战争。英国政府拥有更强大的军队和财政能力。英国社会对于这场战争却始终没有形成任何稳固共识。乔治三世的政府主张以武力维持帝国权威，但是英国议会和社会中存在许多反对派的声音。当时的现代政党尚未完全形成，议会由不同政治集团和利益网络组成，他们反对战争的原因也不完全相同。
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And for some of those, let's say dissenters against the king's policy and Lord North policy, their rationale is economic. And this is where Burke comes in.
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有些人主要从经济利益出发，认为帝国内战会摧毁英国的贸易和港口经济。我们在这里只对比两个最著名的英国思想家、保守主义之父博克和自由主义的代表人密尔，你会发现，
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If you're looking for someone with unbounded powers who sits on a European throne in the 1770s, you won't find that in King George III. He's actually bounded in a constitutional monarchy.
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美国革命者也确实把乔治三世塑造成侵犯殖民地权利的专制统治者。但是，我们从18世纪欧洲政治制度比较来看，乔治三世是一个受到宪法议会和英国法律明显限制的君王，
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You're actually thinking of the Spanish king, King Carlos, and you're thinking of the French king, King Louis. They are the absolutist monarchs.
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如果我们横向对比的话，支持北美闹独立的法国国王路易十六和西班牙国王卡洛斯三世更接近。当时欧洲绝对君主的典范，他们的权利同样会受到财政地方制度和教会和社会等级的现实限制。
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France has suffered a crippling defeat in the last global war, the Seven Years' War, at the hands of Britain, which seized Quebec. Spain would love to get Gibraltar back from the British and even Jamaica, which used to be a Spanish colony back in the day, and Florida.
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西班牙长期希望将直布罗陀给夺回去。佛罗里达也在七年战争后落入英国手中。
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Maryland's probably not even in the top 20 most economically important colonies in Britain's New World Empire in the 18th century. If you're doing it just by sort of tax revenue or GDP or exports or whatever you care to do it by, it's going to be the Britain's Caribbean colonies which you can occupy those top spots and Jamaica is going to be out front as the number one by far most valuable economic, a British colony in the New World because Jamaica is the largest of Britain's
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如果按照出口税收和殖民地经济价值计算，马里兰甚至排不进英国。在美洲殖民地的前20名英国在加勒比海的遮堂殖民地，才是他们真正的财富中心。
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I should say that Britain's Caribbean colonies do not rebel. They largely stay out of invitations to join the Continental Congress in Philadelphia to submit troops to the Continental Army etc etc and that's because the white planters who do live in these Caribbean colonies are immensely wealthy and their wealth is dependent on their ties to the British Empire for naval security,
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北美大陆会议的邀请，也没有派兵加入大陆军。因为这些加勒比海的白人种植园的财富高度依赖英国帝国、英国皇家海军保护岛屿，免受欧洲敌国和海盗的攻击，
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So they are not rebelling those Caribbean colonies and yet the Caribbean sea will become arguably the most vital and volatile theater of the revolution once France and Spain get in the war because like Britain France and Spain are naval powers and their navies will sweep in to the Caribbean sea to try to pick off immensely valuable British colonies like Barbados and Jamaica and seize them for the French Empire or the Spanish Empire. So what had been arguably a sleepy backwater of the revolution before 1778 becomes after 1778 and 79 the central theater of the American Revolution and think about what that means for British military strategy writ large.
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在他们看来，脱离英帝国会危及自身财产和人身安全1778年。法国参战1779年，西班牙参战之后，加勒比海迅速成为整场战争最重要、最危险的战区。法国和西班牙都有强大的海军，也有当地殖民地和军事基础。他们开始进攻英国控制的岛屿，试图夺取巴巴多斯 亚买加等高价值资产，这迫使英国改变资源配置。原本封锁波士顿和费城追击美国撕掠船的英国军舰被调往了加勒比海驻扎在纽约和费城的英国陆军部队也有一部分被重新部署到亚买加和圣卢西亚英国政府面对的核心问题，
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It means that every naval ship that's been you know blockading Boston or Philadelphia or trying to sink patriot privateers in the North Atlantic many of those navy ships have to rush to the Caribbean to ring fence places like Jamaica and Barbados from attacks by the House of Bourbon and even British troops on the ground in places like Philly and New York get redeployed immediately to Jamaica and St Lucia to prop up those Caribbean colonies from falling into the hands of George Washington's new allies.
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原本封锁波士顿和费城追击美国撕掠船的英国军舰被调往了加勒比海驻扎在纽约和费城的英国陆军部队也有一部分被重新部署到亚买加和圣卢西亚英国政府面对的核心问题，不再只是如何镇压北美叛乱，还包括怎样防止英帝国最有价值的遮堂殖民地，不要落入法国和西班牙的手中。
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that the continental army can't win this war on its own right George Washington is sending up metaphorical flares to congress uh throughout 1775 and 1776 saying you know I've only got like 3 000 soldiers who can get up and hold a bayonet uh today right whereas the British are bringing in 10 000 20 000 30 000 soldiers British and Hessians the British have native allies that we really don't we can't win this out on the battlefield I George Washington need you congress to create a broader a broader chess board in which we pull Britain into 10 different directions forcing them to defend things which aren't on fire which aren't in rebellion uh and that's the only way our troops can can do what they're we we think they're capable of that's why they send their best man Ben Franklin uh to
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1775年至1776年间，他反复向大陆会议报告，实际兵力不足，真正能够携带武器站上战场，并且执行刺刀冲锋的士兵可能只有3000左右，英国一次可以投入1万2万，甚至3万名士兵还拥有海军德意志、雇佣兵和部分原住民盟友。北美大陆军如果只在北美同英国比拼军力、财政和后勤，他是不可能获胜的。华盛顿因此要求大陆会议创造一个更大的棋盘。美国需要让英国同时处理更多问题，迫使它保卫那些没有发生叛乱，却可能遭受攻击的帝国领地。
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that the continental army can't win this war on its own right George Washington is sending up metaphorical flares to congress uh throughout 1775 and 1776 saying you know I've only got like 3 000 soldiers who can get up and hold a bayonet uh today right whereas the British are bringing in 10 000 20 000 30 000 soldiers British and Hessians the British have native allies that we really don't we can't win this out on the battlefield I George Washington need you congress to create a broader a broader chess board in which we pull Britain into 10 different directions forcing them to defend things which aren't on fire which aren't in rebellion uh and that's the only way our troops can can do what they're we we think they're capable of that's why they send their best man Ben Franklin uh to
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这套华盛顿的外交策略，我们可以用现代语言被称为建立国际联盟北美殖民地，需要把英国的敌人竞争者和潜在反对者全部都组织起来，反对英国把一场我们的地区性叛乱转化为对于英国帝国的多方面压力，英国为什么没有办法把自己的全部军队投入北美殖民地，然后一口气把他们给打死。
S1：2 个窗口回退
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of the war erin Britain has control over about a hundred thousand um soldiers and sailors globally but the key word there is globally because only three out of ten of them are free to try to route the insurgents in North America because the other 70 percent are fighting the French in the Caribbean or fighting Ida Ali and the kingdom of Mysore in India who's allied with France by the way which is effectively allied with Washington or they're fighting the siege of Gibraltar which is the longest largest siege of the American evolution Britain versus France um in Europe Britain's forced to commit troops to Central America to hold on to Honduras from Spanish attack so all these things are nibbling at British troop strength and they can't send everyone they want to send uh to take on
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这套华盛顿的外交策略，我们可以用现代语言被称为建立国际联盟北美殖民地，需要把英国的敌人竞争者和潜在反对者全部都组织起来，反对英国把一场我们的地区性叛乱转化为对于英国帝国的多方面压力，英国为什么没有办法把自己的全部军队投入北美殖民地，然后一口气把他们给打死。到了战争后期，英国在全球控制和调动的士兵和水手约有10万人。单看这个数字，它拥有压倒北美殖民地。大陆军的能力问题在于，大约只有30%的军人能够被用于镇压北美革命者，其余约七成力量都被分散到其他战区，被其他战区牵制。就像我刚才说的，一部分兵力被用于加勒比海、法国和西班牙参战之后，英国必须集中保护亚、买加巴巴多斯和圣卢西亚等等岛屿。
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of the war erin Britain has control over about a hundred thousand um soldiers and sailors globally but the key word there is globally because only three out of ten of them are free to try to route the insurgents in North America because the other 70 percent are fighting the French in the Caribbean or fighting Ida Ali and the kingdom of Mysore in India who's allied with France by the way which is effectively allied with Washington or they're fighting the siege of Gibraltar which is the longest largest siege of the American evolution Britain versus France um in Europe Britain's forced to commit troops to Central America to hold on to Honduras from Spanish attack so all these things are nibbling at British troop strength and they can't send everyone they want to send uh to take on Washington up and down the I-95 corridor um so to speak and that's the success the culmination of patriot strategy which has been in the works since 1776.
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英国政府不能为了集中攻击华盛顿，而冒险失去亚买加第二部分兵力被用于印度。这个时候，南印度的麦索尔国王由海德尔利统治，他和法国保持合作关系，并且和英国东、印度公司及其盟友作战1780年第二次英麦战争爆发，海德尔利的军队在南印度给英国带来严重压力，法国又是美国的正式盟友。因此，从全球联盟关系来看，这个麦索尔王国就是印度人对于英国的进攻也在间接的帮助华盛顿。
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Yeah if we saw a map of what is now modern day Germany in the 18th century we'd be looking at a patchwork of different states and principalities dozens and dozens of them many of them surprisingly small and yet highly militarized right if you are small you better have a military to defend your borders and so each of these dozens of German
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如果我们去看18世纪德意志地区的地图会看到，数十个大小不一的政治实体，大多数属于神圣罗马帝国的复杂结构，
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states are highly militarized um and uh it's long been the habit in peacetime so to speak for some of these German rulers to rent out their troops to European powers who want extra manpower who are ready to jump into whatever European battle Britain France or Spain is waging at the time and there's a long history of Britain in particular renting troops to augment its own troop strength from different German rulers you remember the house of Hanover the German excuse me the British royal family is a is German in origin itself to make sense they'd look to some of the German states for those troop searches so when the america revolution kicks off in 1775 king george thinks the way to win is to win quickly with a troop surge sending as many troops as
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他们在和平时期训练士兵随后按照条约把部队提供给需要增加兵力的欧洲大国统治者获得金钱也能够积累外交人情。所以那个时候法国、英国、西班牙或者其他国家准备参战的时候，可以从这些德意志邦国获得已经准备组织和训练的部队。
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can all fire fire in advance or retreat and fire at the same time stuff they were not capable of before stoibern's drills in the spring of 1778 and if you put stoibern's contributions alongside those of lafayettes and kazami of palaski and thaddeus uh koschusko and louis de porte we can see something we've forgotten which is um the american army is trying to european eyes in this phase of the war to be taken seriously as a fighting force and to not you know scatter and deserved at the first opportunity we've long embraced the myth that the key to uh patriot military success is guerrilla tactics and that's true at some places at some times especially in the south later in the war but for most of the northern campaigns they're not engaging in guerrilla tactics to try to beat the british they're trying to level up and behave like a european army so hiring european officers especially those with experience in discipline drilling engineering and artillery is the way to do that so stoibern proves like a a great example of that larger um uh phenomenon and he of course will embrace the cause ideologically as well he'll naturalize as a u. s.
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美国军队缺乏经验丰富的职业军官，尤其需要精通操练纪律、炮兵助累和军事工程的人才。而欧洲军官需要收入啊，所以美国这个美国革命的流行叙事，经常会强调是这个北美殖民者躲在术后射击、使用灵活的游击战，然后最终击败长期拘泥于密集队型和欧洲规则的英国红衣军。这实际上这个流行叙事不是完全准确的对吧？在美国北方的大多数重要战役中，美国人需要建立一支能够和欧洲正规军交战的军队，他们需要守卫阵地使用炮兵实施协同机动修筑攻势，
S2：5 个窗口回退
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I mean, just all kinds of differences geographically, culturally, demographically, and more. What you also have in 1781 is a lot of British troops still stationed in the United States. And one of the things that I think people tend to overlook about the history of the American Revolution is that it actually took quite a long time from the Battle of Yorktown in October of 1781 to the evacuation of the British in November of 1783, fully two years later. The beast doesn't realize that its head been cut off.
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他还能够从德意志诸联邦租借训练有素的军队1776年夏天，英国一次就在纽约港投入了大约3.2万名士兵，这个数字已经超过当时的华盛顿能够动员的可靠大陆兵力的全部。所以如果我们把视线始终局，现在新英格兰这块地方波士顿、费城伏吉古约克镇列克星顿，那美国的胜利就很容易被讲成一个英雄主义奇迹。就好像后来好莱坞拍的那些超级英雄电影一样。但有一个问题就是美国人他们不读世界历史，他们的视线不会转移到美国之外，这是大国国民惯有的一种倾向，就大国国民通常都不屑于去关心本国以外的政治，以为关心本国政治就够了。
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And one of the things that I think people tend to overlook about the history of the American Revolution is that it actually took quite a long time from the Battle of Yorktown in October of 1781 to the evacuation of the British in November of 1783, fully two years later. The beast doesn't realize that its head been cut off. It still thinks it's alive. Well, I'm not quite sure I'd put it that way, but I would say that it takes a long time to hash out the terms of peace. Why? Because you have to unravel a whole set of relationships. And this is really, in many ways, a precursor to what will happen, say, with the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947.
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英国决策者每天都要考虑亚买加直布罗陀和印度的安全战争结束之后，民族国家逐渐成为了历史叙事的基本单位。美国人也开始围绕本国的建国故事重塑集体记忆。因此，这场全球战争被压缩成了一部美国民族诞生史，所以让我们恢复全球视角。从最熟悉的波士顿倒查事件开始，我相信大多数人都听过波士顿倒查事件。我在波士顿也住了15年。所以我不知道在多少人去看过那个港口。1773年12月16日，一批北美殖民者登上了停泊在波士顿港的商船，把大量茶叶倒入了海中。这个事件。
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And more than that, that the nature of the empire itself ceases to be as fundamentally colonial, by which I mean white colonial settlements. Now, that remains a big part of the empire. Australia is the immediate site in which that happens right after the loss of America in 1788. But India, which is already, of course, economically vastly more significant than many other places for the British empire, will be the capital, as it were, of British imperial attention. Henceforth, it's a second center of empire in many ways, with its own huge military and much more besides.
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按照英国政府设计的方式，流入北美市场，波士顿的对抗，最终演变成大规模的财产破坏，让波士顿成为了整个危机中最著名的中心。要理解1773年。这场北美殖民者和英国政府之间的冲突，我们还需要了解英国政府和东印度公司的关系。到了18世纪后，也东印度公司已经不再是一家普通贸易私人企业。东印度公司在孟加拉控制着大片领土，拥有军队行政机构和征税权，它已经发展成了一个拥有准主权权利的商业帝国。1770年前后，孟加拉发生了严重饥荒，大量孟加拉人死亡。
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You have your people who prefer a strong central executive to your people who prefer a state's rights. And you also have your people who are leaning west as opposed to your people who are leaning east, if you will. And one of the things that Jefferson particularly does when he's president is to promote this idea of the United States as what he calls an empire for liberty. Hmm. Nowadays, we think about the Republic, the United States, as being intrinsically anti-imperial. That is not at all how people understood it at the time. Empires were what big states were.
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那法国参战以后，又怎样把一场北美战争转化成了加勒比海、欧洲和印度的全球战争？各位第一个问题，法国社会为什么会被美国革命吸引美国革命的政治语言在法国引起了强烈反响？北美爱国派主张吴代表不纳税要求殖民地自治，并且以自然权力和人民自决为依据，反抗英国统治独立宣言，进一步宣布人人生而平等政府的正当权力来自被统治者同意当政府持续侵犯人民权力的时候，人们可以改变或者废除政府。这些思想并非只是来自英国启蒙传统的约翰洛克18世纪的启蒙运动，本来就是一场跨越英吉利海峡和大西洋的思想网络。
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Ultimately, this is one of the casus belli for the War of 1812 against Britain. And I mentioned a minute ago that there's another big context we have to put this in, and that is the context of the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution. And what will, of course, going into the 19th century be all of the Republican revolutions in Latin America. And this is a sense that the world order is sort of turning on, you know, away from absolutist monarchy, but is maybe becoming quite congenial to certain kinds of sort of Republican, Democratic empires, if you will.
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所以说我们在这个美国独立革命中产生的这个结局是很奇特的一个绝对君主国为共和国的建立提供决定性援助一个反帝国革命依赖两个殖民帝国的军事力量。这是我们在全球视角看待美国独立战争的结果。最后我想说的是，把战争全球化并不只是法国和西班牙的选择。从战争初期开始，我们现在回到美国领导人，这就是美国领导人的自决战略。华盛顿本人很清楚，美国大陆军无法独自通过，正面决战，摧毁英国军队。1775年至1776年间，他反复向大陆会议报告，实际兵力不足，真正能够携带武器站上战场，