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目标片段他和波兰国王奥古斯都密谋联手对抗瑞典1700年，向瑞典宣战开启了长达21年的大北方战争，让俄国挤身世界列强。欧洲列强吗？起码是彼得的改革，不仅改变了俄国政体，也奠定了俄罗斯文学文化和民族自我定义的基础。它和欧洲的关系是一种深刻的共生和融合。而不是简单的模仿，或者是排斥。我们必须要理解彼得时代的俄国，如何借助欧洲之力塑造了自己的文明，才能够看懂19世纪。我们热爱的俄国文学中始终贯穿的那股东方和西方的张力，也能够明白现代俄国和中国文明差异的根本所在。
来源片段So Peter has become this enduring symbol of the kind of the struggle for Russia's soul, caught between East and West, Europe and Asia. But as you said, it's not just about Russia. So it's about Poland. It's about Sweden. It's about the Ottoman Empire. It's sort of. . . And it's about Western Europe as well, isn't it? As it's rising to kind of global power and wealth. Yeah. It's like a late 17th, early 18th century version of Risk with a strong element of Game of Thrones and a strong element of succession all kind of mixed together. Well, I think there's a much more obvious television drama that is drawing on the life of Peter the Great.
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来源片段
So to the west of Russia, you have a country that is very dear to the hearts of members of the Restless History Club. And it's the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Very exciting. They'll be cheering in the streets of our discord, as you mentioned that. Yeah. So the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which is this very strange state, all we need to say about it at this point is the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth has basically been kicking the Russians around for quite a long time. They'd actually occupied the Kremlin in Moscow in 1610. However, the Poles have passed their peak and are now in kind of a long-term decline, as we will see.
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而此时此刻，面对那个俄罗斯西欧分裂成了多个相互竞争的国家。所以我们看到的是在这个维也纳会议之前，欧洲长期依赖的是一种更加古老的内部化认知框架，就是南北区分。在这个模型中，南方就是我们现在不考虑俄罗斯啊，在欧洲内部南方在18世纪的时候，通常被视为文明的发源地，北方被视为后来的蛮族。by the way,这也是为什么我在播客里面讨论莫扎特系列的时候，大家经常会感到很困惑，就为什么来自德语区的莫扎特要跑到南方去证明自己。
来源片段
However, the Poles have passed their peak and are now in kind of a long-term decline, as we will see. Now, to the south, there is the Ottoman Empire. They are a massive superpower. So they control the Black Sea. They control the Balkans. They, through their vassals, the Tatars, they control Crimea. And their influence goes well into Ukraine. Yeah. And they've, you know, they've been attacking Vienna. They have. So the Ottomans are a serious, serious player. And basically, the Russians have never challenged the Ottomans. They are kind of frightened of them. And then to the north, there is the great rival, which is Sweden.
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这场战争进一步加剧了所谓的东方问题。19世纪中叶，奥斯曼帝国已经明显衰落，它在巴尔干河海海地区的统治日益松动，欧洲列强围绕着谁会继承奥斯曼帝国遗产这一问题展开了长期的博弈。俄罗斯作为一个陆权帝国，一直试图向南扩张获取黑海出海口，并且进一步进入地中海奥斯曼帝国的衰落，为俄罗斯提供了机会。与此同时，我们也看到，这是维也纳体系下的权力平衡开始发生变化，对吧？自从维也纳会议以来，欧洲一直维持着一种大国协商的军事结构。
来源片段
So Sweden is a Protestant power. Yeah. The Ottoman Empire, obviously, is Muslim. Polish, Lithuanian, and all kinds of religions flourishing there, but essentially Catholic. So Russia, as the Orthodox power, is surrounded not just by geopolitical rivals, but by religious rivals. And presumably that intense, because it's the only Orthodox power, because Constantinople's been conquered, that must presumably intensify both its sense of being beleaguered by heretics, but also the sense of mission that it has as God's chosen vessel.
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霍米亚科夫认为东方包含着两个部分，一个是薛西斯的东方，薛西斯就是一个波斯帝王。对，就是一个波斯大帝，一个是薛西斯的东方。另外一个是基督的东方，俄罗斯不愿意被归入那个波斯帝国式的专制式的异教徒的薛西斯的东方，他要把自己理解成是基督教的东方。在这个意义上，俄罗斯虽然不是西方，却仍然和西方共享基督教传统。也就是说，19世纪的东方不是一个单一概念，而是一个在俄罗斯语境和欧洲语境中都在被争夺的概念。