最高相似度示例 · 非人工确认结果
目标片段到了19世纪90年代，每年都有数百个黑人男性被私刑处死。
来源片段So by the 1890s, you have hundreds of black men being lynched every year.
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来源片段
And I think we can safely say that they are very American. They're deeply rooted in political and social contexts, but in ways that have changed, interestingly, over time.
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这三个版本都非常美国，它们不是历史的偶然，不是偏离常态的异常，而是深深欠在当时美国政治结构和社会情景之中的组织。只不过在不同的历史阶段，它们嵌入的方式不一样。
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So the first Klan, that's what that reading comes from, was founded in 1866 after the American Civil War in the defeated Confederacy.
目标片段
第一代3K党诞生在1866年，也就是美国内战南北战争刚刚结束之后，地点在战败的南方。
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That's the process of kind of remodelling the southern states. And it was dedicated to the principle of restoring white supremacy over the millions of freed slaves.
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所谓重建，就是美国北方试图改造美国南方社会，让那些获得自由的黑人，真正成为美国公民3K党想做的恰恰相反，他们要恢复白人的统治，把数百万刚刚获得自由的黑人重新压回去，这是第一代3K党。
来源片段
Then there was a second Klan that was founded in 1915. So just before the United States enters the First World War.
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我们等一会儿更加详细讨论。到了1915年，第二代3K党出现了它的诞生，受到一部电影的影响The Birth of a Nation一个国家的诞生。
来源片段
And that Klan, the second Klan, very different in character, much more popular in the industrial North and in the Midwest, in states like Indiana and Illinois, in cities like Detroit and Chicago. It was very nativist, very anti-Semitic, and above all, anti-Catholic.
目标片段
但是这一代3K党已经完全变了，它不再仅仅是一个南方现象，而是开始扩展到北方和中西部大城市。比如说芝加哥和底特律，而且第二代3K党的敌人也从黑人扩大到了犹太人移民天主教徒。
来源片段
And that second Klan, I mean, this will surprise people who think of the Klan purely as an anti-black, you know, American South organization. That second Klan was by far the biggest, and at its peak, it possibly had as many as 5 million members.
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就换句话说，这一代3K党的核心是白人，新教徒至上主义。虽然说可能在我们的眼中，犹太人和天主教徒都是白人，但是在第二代3K党的眼中，他们也歧视这群人，更重要的是，这第二代3K党的规模巨大，它在巅峰时期可能到达500万成员，这是一个真正影响全美国的政治组织。
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And then there's the third Klan, which is still kind of staggering on today, which is a far-right racist organization formed in the late 40s, basically to fight the civil rights movement. And this, I think, the one that we're all familiar with.
目标片段
然后到了第三代3K党出现在二战之后，它主要是为了反对民权运动。这就是我们今天大家印象中的那个你在新闻中有时候会看到的那个戴着白袍子焚烧十字架的3K党。
来源片段
And this was founded in a place called Pulaski, Tennessee in the summer of 1866. So to give people a sense of the context, it's just over a year since the end of the American Civil War.
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那会儿托斯托耶夫斯基还在哼哧哼哧的写罪语乏呢。美国田纳西州一个叫做普拉斯基的小镇，孕育出了第一个3K党，这个时间点距离美国内战结束，刚刚才过去了一年多，如果我们不理解当时的美国政治背景就无法理解。
来源片段
So to remind people, the American Civil War saw 11 states in the largely rural south of the United States try to break away from the Union to defend the institution of slavery.
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是美国南方的11个州，为了维护奴隶制而试图脱离美国联邦的战争。
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And in those 11 states, there lived about 9 million people.
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这11个南方州大约有900万人口，其中超过三分之一。
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And the moral truth that one race is inferior to the other is contingent on what the white supremacists in the South see as an objective scientific fact. Yeah, exactly right. Exactly.
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换句话说，我们要理解的是，在美国南方社会种族等级秩序，是它这个社会的政治基础。对于那些想要脱离美国联邦的南方白人来说，黑人低于白人奴隶制是自然的这是一个科学事实，
来源片段
But they are overwhelmed in the American Civil War by the industrial urban modernity of the North. So by the end of the war, a quarter of a million white Southerners have been killed.
目标片段
相反，他们觉得自己是受害者，他们被一种陌生的工业化的北方力量，强行压制战争的代价，对于南方人来说也极其惨烈，有25万南方白人死亡，接近成年男性的五分之一都在美国内战中死掉了。
来源片段
And they'll discuss political ideas.
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他们讨论政治，更重要的是他们可以准备投票了。
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And the voting is the key issue, isn't it?
目标片段
而投票就是这个问题的核心。
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I mean, you're almost certainly going to vote Republican because the Republican Party is the party that's free to. And so the white Southerners are now looking forward to an age in which I already mentioned in South Carolina or Mississippi, the white population is only 40% of the state.
目标片段
因为一旦这些黑人开始投票，他们几乎一定会投票给共和党。那么在美国内战中，民主党是支持奴隶制的共和党是支持废奴的，这意味着什么？
来源片段
Now, his successor was a guy called Andrew Johnson, who was a Unionist from Tennessee. So he's a Southerner, but unusually, he backed the Union.
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林肯遇刺之后，美国总统变成了安德鲁约翰逊、安德鲁约翰逊是一个来自南方，但是支持联邦支持统一的人，这个总统面对的一个几乎无解的问题。
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But by 1866, so that's a year after the end of the war, the Confederate South is still a very chaotic and violent place.
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到了1866年，美国南方已经变成了一个高度暴力化的社会。
来源片段
So there are stories about black people arming themselves, forming militias and so on. There is a great anxiety on the part of white Southerners that these Union leagues are actually a kind of front for a race war that their former slaves will wage against them and so on. So I think to some degree, the answer is some of them are tooling up at least. But by and large, most of them don't want to have a war. You know, they've got what they wanted, right? They want to just be able to enjoy their freedom. They've been absolutely brutalized by this appalling system in which they've been treated as chattels. Now they've been freed. I mean, there are, of course, cases of people exacting revenge. And there are lots of, you know, accounts of violence on both sides, of course.
目标片段
我们看到有钱奴隶主试图重新控制黑人大规模的出现。枪击鞭打私刑，黑人大多数只想过正常的生活，那么他们也不想再次进入战争。与此同时，南方白人普遍陷入一种集体焦虑。他们担心黑人投票，担心种族战争，担心自己反过来被统治OK这构成了3K党崛起的政治土壤。我们现在已经局势看得很清楚了，一方面是刚获得自由，试图进入政治的黑人群体。
来源片段
So by 1866 or so, the South very chaotic.
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到了1866年前后，我们看到南方社会本身就处在高度混乱和暴力化的状态之中。
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Also, Washington politics very chaotic.
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与此同时，华盛顿就中央政治也陷入混乱。
来源片段
Many of Lincoln's old allies, the so-called radical Republicans, have lost faith in President Johnson.
目标片段
林肯去世之后，很多原本支持他的激进共和党人很快就对这个新总统失去了信心。
来源片段
In East Tennessee, which is Appalachian Mountains, there were very few slaves at all, because the terrain was no good for cotton plantations.
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在东部靠近山脉的地区，就Appalation山脉地区几乎没有努力，因为那里不适合发展棉花种植园经济，
来源片段
It was the first Confederate state to come under union military rule. And at the end of the Civil War, the governor of Tennessee is a bloke called Parson Brownlow.
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在战后，田纳西州成为第一个被联邦军，就是北方来的联邦军队控制最早重新加入北方联邦的南方州。他们的州长Parson Brownlow是一个态度明确的激进共和党人。
来源片段
So there are bands of kind of vigilantes who are known as regulators, who are roaming around attacking Republicans and attacking the freedmen. And you get that in almost every southern state.
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我们看到，在很多南方地区，法律已经几乎不存在了。有一种叫做监管者的准私行组织，他们在乡村地区四处游荡攻击共和党人和获得自由的黑人。
来源片段
It's basically a local social club. Well, I was looking at the other names that they were planning on coming up with, and there was the Secret Circle, the Pulaski Social Club, and the Thespians.
目标片段
二十多岁到三十岁出头，他们把这个组织当作一个社交俱乐部，甚至考虑给它起名为Secret Circle秘密圈子，或者是Pulaski Social Club就是普拉斯基社交俱乐部。
来源片段
I never heard anything in connection with it as a political organization. But of course, it's going to be very difficult to stay as a non-political organization in a world in which, you know, politics is so charged with menace.
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但他们所处的这个世界本身已经是一个高度政治化，充满敌意的世界。你在这样的一个环境中很难保持非政治。
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So across Tennessee and much of the South, political temperature is rising.
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与此同时，整个南方的政治紧张程度在迅速上升。
来源片段
So that winter at the end of 1866, there are a lot of violent attacks on black freedmen and on white unionists, that's to say white Republicans.
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到了1866年冬天，针对黑人和白人共和党人的暴力袭击也越来越大。
来源片段
This is always terrifying for former Confederates to talk of a state militia, because they know that by definition, it would consist of armed black men.
目标片段
他发布公告说，要组建州民兵这句话，对于那些支持南方分裂的成员来说是一个噩梦，因为他们非常清楚这样的民兵在现实中意味着武装起来的黑人，
来源片段
And Brownlow says, I'm going to make sure that all black men have the vote before the next election.
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州长表态说，他要确保所有黑人男性在下一次选举前会获得选举权，这一举动彻底激化了种族之间的冲突。
来源片段
The Democrats at this point were calling themselves the Conservatives. So confusing. So there's probably an overlap between some of these sort of mainstream political people, the Democratic Party, arriving in Nashville, and the KKK delegates arriving a few days before.
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就民主党是当时的保守派嘛，就是民主党正在召开州级大会。而3K党的组织者和当时的这些政治人物之间是存在着人员上的交叉的。
来源片段
And the key figure seems to have been former Brigadier General in the Confederate Army called George W. Gordon.
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就在这个过程中出现了一个人George GordonGeorge W. Gordon他是前这个南方将军，
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Do you oppose black equality? Do you support the constitutional rights of the South?
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他的入会问题，包括你是否反对黑人平等，你是否支持南方州的权利？就这些问题本身就定义了3K党这个组织的政治方向。
来源片段
You know that's the point with all the Klan's actually is that local groups make all the running there's never really any very strong coherent central organization. And so it's very decentralized which in turn must make it hard to kind of stamp out.
目标片段
但是在这里，我们要强调的是，这实际上是一个高度分散的组织。它真正运作的是通过地方性网络运作，而不是中央指挥这种去中心化的结构，也让它很难彻底被政府镇压。
来源片段
So, the 14th Amendment extends American citizenship to anybody born in the United States, including former slaves.
目标片段
第14修正案给了美国birthright citizenship规定，所有在美国出身的人都是公民，
S1：3 个窗口回退
来源片段
So now, 1867-68, the entire former Confederacy, except for Tennessee, which has been readmitted to the Union, the entire former Confederacy is put under martial law and governed by the United States Army. And elections will be held under military supervision so that black men can vote in them. So, in other words, they're basically saying it's two and a half years since the end of the war. The South has proved incapable of behaving itself. We are reimposing martial law. Now, this is very exciting if you're a former slave, because now you have what looks like a guarantee that you will be able to exercise your right as an American citizen if you're a man and cast your vote. And so, there's a great rush to enroll in things like these union leagues and local Republican organizations on the part of the freedmen, because they're like, brilliant, we can vote and nobody will stop us.
目标片段
这点在法律意义上，在当时彻底动摇了南方原有的种族秩序。国会还通过了一系列重建法案Reconstruction Act他把一整个南方地区置于中央军队管制之下，联邦军队将会进入到南方这些州去监督选举，确保黑人男性可以投票，这意味着什么？意味着南方白人最深的恐惧正在变成现实。因为一旦黑人获得选举权，他们能够在军队保护下投票。那这些黑人肯定投票支持共和党啊，他们会在制度上巩固北方在美国内战中的胜利。
来源片段
So in the Mississippi Delta, in the Mississippi Delta, black people outnumber white by three to one. You'd be mad to set up the Klan there because really, you know, you'd get beaten up. You'd be on the wrong side of that fight. Basically, the Klan ends up being set up where black and white populations are roughly equal or where whites are slightly outnumbered. And they can do that because the whites have ready access to weapons and the blacks don't. The whites, by and large, they have access to weapons and better weapons. They are richer. They are more powerful. They are better connected. They have more resources. You know, all of those kinds of things. And I suppose also they have control of the legal system.
目标片段
当然，这一切之所以能够发生，还有一个现实的结构条件，那就是黑人和白人之间的权利并没有真正发生逆转。虽然黑人获得了法律上的自由和选举权，但是土地没有重新分配啊，他们仍然贫困，仍然缺乏资源，白人仍然掌握着武器、财富、人脉以及地方司法体系。因此，一旦发生冲突力量之间的对比，本来就是不平等的，也正是在这种力量不对等之中。3K党逐渐在南方形成了自己的社会基础。
来源片段
I mean, that element of it being exciting in a world that has been ripped apart by war and which there's nothing really much else to do. I mean, that makes complete sense to me. And what drives them is the nightmare that's the back of every white southerner's mind, which is the fact that they will be ruled by people they'd once regarded as their property. So what's it like to be in the Klan? Obviously, there's the excitement of dressing up. Often they don't need to wear the disguises because, as you say, they are, they control the legal system. That part of it, I think they're often, they really are doing it for fun. They don't just wear white. They wear black and night.
目标片段
对于很多年轻人来说，这当然也带着刺激和娱乐的成分，你乔装打扮、夜间行动、暴力冒险，这在一个战后空虚而失序的社会里，这个事情本身就具有它天然的吸引力。当然在这一切之下，驱动这一系列活动的有一个最简单的东西，那就是恐惧。因为南方白人无法接受的。这个世界是那些曾经被他们视为财产的人开始跟他们拥有同样的政治权统治权，也是在这个恐惧之中3K党从玩闹变成了政治暴力机器。
来源片段
Like the clan itself, the violence really begins in earnest in Tennessee in 1868 in the build-up to the county elections.
目标片段
这个受害者绝大多数都是美国黑人，就从1868年的田纳西州开始，尤其是在那种县级选举的前后，
来源片段
And the clan had several hundred members there. And they would carry out these attacks at night.
目标片段
暴力已经全面爆发3K党那个时候就已经发展出了数百名成员，在夜间行动，几十个戴着头罩的人，专门袭击偏远地区的黑人家庭。
来源片段
Sometimes they'd been accused of crimes, often because they were regarded as outspoken or insolent in the kind of language of the white South, because they were politically active, because they were planning to vote Republican, or sometimes there was no reason at all. The clansmen just wanted to attack a black family.
目标片段
有时候这些受害者只是无理，就是你对白人不够顺从。有时候是因为参与政治，你准备投票给共和党，很多时候根本就没有理由，他们会把人从家里面拖出来，
来源片段
He was lashed 200 times one night, and then the next night the clansmen came back and they hanged him. Then a third example, black veteran of the Union Army.
目标片段
有人被勒死之后沉入河中，有人被鞭打数百下后，第二天再被绞死。还有一些社会地位比较高的黑人，退伍军人被当做示范，用来警告所有人。
来源片段
So, in July 1868, there's a parade, on the 4th of July, actually, in the town of Columbia, and clansmen ended up fighting a pitched battle, about 150 clansmen, with 30 armed freedmen who had hidden their guns from the clan's regular sweeps. So that goes back to your question, Tom, about are the freedmen arming themselves?
目标片段
1868年7月4日，美国独立日这一天，哥伦布市爆发了直接武装冲突。我们看到150名3K党成员和30名武装的刚刚被解放的奴隶进行交战。
来源片段
We'll talk about this in the next episode, actually, about how the clan target black people who can read and write, black people who want to be teachers, people who are ministers, people who are active in the community, basically anybody who challenges the idea that black people are inherently subordinate and inferior. Even if you do too well, if you're too good at farming, if you own your own livestock, they will come after you because you are challenging the principles on which their kind of, their sense of the world, I guess, is based.
目标片段
他们针对的那些黑人，是社会地位高的黑人，那些十字的黑人、老师、牧师、社区领袖在经济上相对成功的人。换句话说，他们针对的是那些能够挑战黑人、天生敌人一等的这些这一观念的人，也就是说社会地位高的黑人，
来源片段
So all of this puts a lot of pressure on the governor of Tennessee, Parson Brownlow.
目标片段
这其实就把田纳西州州长，就我刚才说很硬核，支持北方联邦的Parson Brownlow推到了一个两难境地，
来源片段
So by the summer of 1868, law and order in Middle Tennessee is very close to breaking down and the Freemen's Bureau reports to Washington and I quote, the colored people are leaving their homes and are fleeing to the towns and large cities for protection unless something is done immediately. The cities will be flooded by poor, helpless creatures.
目标片段
到了1868年夏天，整个田纳西社会秩序已经接近崩溃。自由民局报告说，大量黑人正在逃离乡村，涌入城市寻求保护。
来源片段
So the Republicans as their candidate have chosen General Ulysses S. Grant. So he is the ultimate Northern war hero and he is going to stand on an explicit platform of equal and civil political rights for all.
目标片段
共和党这边推出的后选人叫做Ulysses S. Grant格兰特，他是一个职业军人，来自俄亥俄州，也是北方阵营中最重要的战争英雄。更重要的是，格兰特支持国会重建，他支持把秩序重新带回南方，并且真正保障黑人的平等权利，就共和党人的逻辑很简单嘛，就这场内战咱不能白打，我们不能只赢了战争，却输掉了。
来源片段
But the Democrats have chosen as their candidate Governor Horatio Seymour of New York and he is an outspoken critic of radical reconstruction and his campaign slogan is, and I quote, this is a white man's country, let white men rule.
目标片段
民主党这边推出的是前纽约州州长Horatio Seymour他的竞选纲领几乎可以说就是赤裸裸的白人至上。
来源片段
So to remind people, this is episode two of this series. We're in the era of Reconstruction. Much of the South is under military administration by the United States Army, or it's been run by administrations that are allied to the radical Republican-dominated U. S. Congress. So last time we decided how the Klan was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee in the summer of 1866. Initially a kind of social club for Confederate veterans, but it quickly evolved into something much more sinister. It spreads across the South in the next two years, heavily promoted by Democratic newspapers, and becomes a vigilante group attracting white men of all classes, from lawyers and doctors to kind of farmers and laborers. Its figurehead is the former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest, who's now an insurance salesman, among other things.
目标片段
这三个版本都非常美国，它们不是历史的偶然，不是偏离常态的异常，而是深深欠在当时美国政治结构和社会情景之中的组织。只不过在不同的历史阶段，它们嵌入的方式不一样。第一代3K党诞生在1866年，也就是美国内战南北战争刚刚结束之后，地点在战败的南方。这一代3K党本质上是一个准军事组织，它的目标非常明确，就是要推翻重建。所谓重建，就是美国北方试图改造美国南方社会，让那些获得自由的黑人，真正成为美国公民3K党想做的恰恰相反，
来源片段
So on the Republican side, you have General Ulysses S. Grant. So he's from Ohio.
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这是一场美国的生死之战。共和党这边推出的后选人叫做Ulysses S. Grant格兰特，他是一个职业军人，来自俄亥俄州，也是北方阵营中最重要的战争英雄。
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On the Democrat side, they nominate the former governor of New York, Horatio Seymour.
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民主党这边推出的是前纽约州州长Horatio Seymour他的竞选纲领几乎可以说就是赤裸裸的白人至上。
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And this is the last time, really, in a US presidential election that white supremacy is so overtly, explicitly the issue.
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就我们今天回头看，这套论调是美国总统竞选史上最后一次如此公开如此直白的把白人至上主义摆到竞选正中央。
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Black men were threatened with death if they voted Republican.
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如果准备投票给共和党就会遭到死亡威胁。
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And of course, if you're voting in a small town, everybody will basically know the way you vote.
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而且那个时候美国还没有秘密投票制度，在一个小镇里，几乎所有人都知道你会把票投给谁，你走到投票现场的时候，
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So of the 2,000 African Americans who have registered to vote in Pulaski, only about 600 to 700 of them turned up.
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我们看到在普拉斯基小县这个县里面登记在册的2000名黑人，美国选民最终真正走进投票站投票的只有600到700人，
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And it was a similar story in a lot of the other counties of Middle Tennessee. So the Republican vote, historians reckon the Republican vote in this area was 10,000 votes down on what it should have been.
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而且这不是个例。在一整个田纳西州，类似的情况反复出现，历史学家估算在这个地区，共和党得票数至少被人为压低了1万票。
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In South Carolina, Democratic clubs handed out guns to their supporters, and they would go out riding at night, firing randomly at black people's cabins.
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比如说在南卡罗莱纳州，民主党俱乐部会直接向他们的支持者发放枪支。
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Prominent Republican activists would find coffins marked with the three letters KKK on their doorsteps.
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那些活跃的共和党人士会在自己家门口看到一个棺材上面写着KKK共和党议员会在选举前夕被暗杀，
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In Georgia, the Freedmen's Bureau reported 142 incidents between August and late October, 31 killings, 43 shootings, five stabbings, 55 beatings, and eight whippings of 300 to 500 lashes apiece. The worst of these attacks was an attack on, again, open air, public, everybody can see.
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在1868年8月到10月，仅仅两个月期间就发生了142起暴力事件，包括31起谋杀、43起枪击、55起殴打，以及大量难以被计数的鞭刑。
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In Columbia County, it fell from 1,222 to one vote.
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我们看到比如说在哥伦比亚县共和党的得票从1222票降到只剩一票。
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And unbelievably, in 11 Georgia counties with black majorities.
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在佐治亚州11个黑人人口占多数的县里面，共和党候选人格兰特一票未得。
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And the problem that runs through this whole story of reconstruction is that in the north, people think, we've won the war. Can we just go home now, please, and crack on with making loads of money? Because actually, the United States is poised to go through this tremendous transformation into this sort of industrial capitalist colossus. And they're very excited at the thought of this, making money from railroads and stuff. And they're bored. They're really bored of the arguments about the south, which have been going on for so long. But also, they think they really believe in their federal system.
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所以我们要问的这个尖锐的问题是，在这种规模的暴力下，联邦政府、中央政府还能做什么？从理论上说，唯一的有效手段是派遣军队介入强行执法，但现实没有这么简单。因为在北方民众看来，战争已经结束了，我们已经赢了。他们关心铁路工业投资即将到来的那个巨大的资本主义扩张的时代，而不是为了南方的秩序问题，投入资源和精力。与此同时，美国人就是如果你是一个信奉自己宪法和独立宣言的美国人，那你对于联邦制度是有一种深刻的信念的。
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Now, given those racial demographics, it will not surprise people to know that in 1868 it had voted Republican. It had voted for Ulysses S. Grant.
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在这样的背景下，我们看1868年的美国总统大选表面上看，这个共和党的格兰特确实赢得了胜利。但是民主党和共和党这两位候选人之间的选票差距其实并不大。
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Grant has been president since March 1869.
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就格兰特自从1869年3月担任总统以来，他一直在走在一个微妙的界线上。
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He has delivered the 15th Amendment, which supposedly gives black men the right to vote.
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他支持第十五修正案，原则上承认黑人男性应该拥有投票权。
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But on the other hand, Grant's campaign slogan was, let us have peace.
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但另外一方面，他的竞选口号又是Let us have peace安身点吧。
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So October 1871, Grant proclaimed a state of lawlessness in nine South Carolina counties. And he flooded them with troops and he suspended habeas corpus.
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这是一个强权铁腕的联邦政府1871年，格兰特总统终于动用了联邦权力。对南卡罗莱纳州部分地区实施了军事镇压大规模逮捕3K党成员，并且在短期内成功压制了暴力。
S2：2 个窗口回退
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And I suppose the federal government just lacks the resources and perhaps even the will to force that through. Completely. So just to finish off this part of the story, by the 1870s, most people in the North have lost interest, including many Republicans. There was then a massive financial crash in 1873, which triggered a depression that lasted for most of the rest of the decade. That was terrible news for the Republicans, of course, because they are the party in power. So the Democrats then made huge gains. They regained control of the House of Representatives. At the same time, there's a general retreat from federal intervention.
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这说明只要联邦政府愿意动用足够多的力量3K党不是无法被打压的，但是问题在于，这种胜利是不彻底的，因为联邦政府无法触及地方权力、社会共识以及总体来说，民主的声音嘛，对于白人制上的认同都无法被触动。3K党虽然在组织上被联邦政府瓦解，但是他完成了他最重要的任务。他通过暴力改变了选举格局，摧毁了南方共和党的基层网络，也让北方美国人逐渐对南方问题失去了耐心。随着1873年经济危机爆发，共和党在政治上不断退却，最高法院收缩了第14修正案的解释，
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There was then a massive financial crash in 1873, which triggered a depression that lasted for most of the rest of the decade. That was terrible news for the Republicans, of course, because they are the party in power. So the Democrats then made huge gains. They regained control of the House of Representatives. At the same time, there's a general retreat from federal intervention. The Supreme Court starts to gut a lot of the Reconstruction legislation. It reinterprets the 14th Amendment. It makes it much harder for the federal government to enforce the laws that had been passed in the 1860s. And so what you have in the 1870s is one state after another falling back to the Democrats, often in very violent circumstances.
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随着1873年经济危机爆发，共和党在政治上不断退却，最高法院收缩了第14修正案的解释，南方各州重新落回了民主党手中，而新的暴力组织和制度性歧视接力出现。于是我们看到这里，我们快速的过一下，美国历史局势一步步滑向那个几乎无法避免的结局。联邦政府越来越不愿意越来越无力去干预南方州政治。最终我们看到的是1877年的妥协The Compromise of 1877。
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So the last nail in the coffin, so-called Compromise of 1877, presidential election of 1876 ends in deadlock between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and the Democrat Samuel J. Tilden.
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最终我们看到的是1877年的妥协The Compromise of 1877。因为在1876年的总统大选陷入僵局之后，共和党人和民主党人达成幕后交易。
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The Jim Crow system, Tom, that you were talking about.
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就是我们后来说的，你在美国历史课上学过的那个Dream Crow System吉米克劳体系。
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So the first historical account of the Klan, published in 1905 by a professor of history at Vanderbilt, quite a distinguished historian by the standards of the time, called Walter Linwood Fleming.
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我们去看1905年范德堡大学的历史学家Walter Linwood Fleming出版的3K党史。
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And Dixon, in 1915, turned their lives into the inspiration for a novel called The Klansman, which then became a very popular play.
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在1915年写了一本小说，叫做3K党人The Clansman然后这本小说被导演拍成了电影，
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It revolutionizes cinema, but it also resurrects the Ku Klux Klan, because just months after the release of Birth of a Nation, a second Klan is born. And by the mid-1920s, that second Klan has literally millions of members. And so, Dominic, that is the story, The Birth of a Nation, the rebirth of the Klan that we will be telling next time. And it has, I think, all kinds of unexpected nuances and dimensions that was kind of news to me. And club members, of course, can hear that episode and the final episode in this series right away.
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在1915年写了一本小说，叫做3K党人The Clansman然后这本小说被导演拍成了电影，一个国家的诞生The Birth of a Nation.这个电影直接让3K党原地复活。电影上映几个月之后，第二代3K党正式成立。到了20世纪20年代，这一组织的成员人数就突破百万。所以我们回头去看这一整段历史，会发现第一代3K党人用暴力改变了现实。而之后的一代人用叙事为这种暴力提供了正当性。然后到了第二代3K党人则在这种被美化的记忆之上重新建立了一个更加庞大的组织。
S3：3 个窗口回退
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But it's also just like, okay, one party agitated to make it easier for people to vote and an enormous number of people voted, not just Democrats, an enormous number of people voted in the last election. The idea that that's not just a good thing, you know, like that we should want to preserve whatever provisions we put into the law or emergency measures we implemented to make it easier for people to vote, like rolling that back is un-American. Like it's wrong, you know, like it was already too hard to vote. We made it slightly easier to vote. Getting bogged down in the details can sometimes, you know, we lose the forest for the trees, which is that like one party here wants it to be easier to vote and the other party wants to make it harder.
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我们看到比如说在哥伦比亚县共和党的得票从1222票降到只剩一票。在佐治亚州11个黑人人口占多数的县里面，共和党候选人格兰特一票未得。这个在统计上几乎是不可能的。唯一合理的解释就是他们的投票被彻底压制，或者说计票被直接篡改，也就是说，暴力已经成为一种政治手段，并且在某些地方取代了正常的政治过程。那更深层的问题，我们要问的是，美国是一个联邦制国家，联邦政府和州政府之间存在权力划分。
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And of course, like on that same tip, like during the time where Trump was doing the big lie, as people call it, when he was saying that the election was stolen, smart people, people like Ari Bergman, you mentioned, others, were saying, look, this might not work, but this is laying the groundwork for a massive voter suppression push across the country. And that's exactly what we're seeing, right? Yes. Like all these Republicans have a base which is motivated to support laws like this and demand them even if they weren't planning to do them because they are convinced that there's an enormous percentage of Republican voters and in particular, the most likely to vote voters who believe that the election was stolen. So of course, like reigning in illegal voting is a priority for them. So that's all working out. An interesting thing, on the other hand, but not in a way that runs against those goals, is that there's also a ideological thrust here wherein conservatives have always had a little more suspicion of voting as such and you see that come out in certain places like the Kevin Williamson, Kevin D.
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这一切之所以能够持续，恰恰是因为3K党之所以处于无法被惩罚的状态，恰恰是因为他们就是民主的声音啊，他就反映了民意啊，加上联邦政府又缺乏足够意愿和资源进行全面干预，那结果只能就是暴力变成一种常态。3K党在南方很多地区几乎成为事实上的统治者，他的权威无人可以挑战恐惧，本身正在成为维系秩序的核心机制。也正是在这样的背景下，我们要问的问题是，一个自称以宪政自由和法治为基础的国家，究竟要到什么时候才能够对这种暴力进行彻底的回应？
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And he's mainly looking at European political parties and their kind of response to mass democracy. And, you know, the thesis, well-informed listeners might have criticisms of it, but the basic idea is that for liberal democracy to work, you had to have conservative parties basically agree to that settlement. Right. Like actually getting conservatives to sign on to democracy is one of the like hinge issues on whether the democracy works or not. Because if you have one of the major parties simply saying no to democracy, it's really hard to make that work. And that conservative tendency, especially when kind of refracted through American racial politics, you know, took certain form in the United States.
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一方面它直指民主的困境。如果多数人的意志是种族主义的那民主应该如何自处？如果你说你是民主民主好，但是那个选票舆论人民的声音都是在为排斥、压迫，甚至为暴力提供正当性的时候。如果一个民主政体，它不是在保护自由，而是在摧毁自由，那我们应该如何看待它？3K党之所以能够存在，不仅仅是因为他们是暴徒，而是在相当长的一段时间。
S4：2 个窗口回退
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was born in the Reconstruction South, so in the 1860s, after the American Civil War. And its purpose was to restore white supremacy in the beaten states of the Confederacy. But I mean, you said that was from 1922. That particular issue, addition of the Klan. So we move forward a couple of generations, and this is a completely different and truly extraordinary story. So we are in the years of the First World War and afterwards. And this is the story of the second incarnation of the Klan.
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所谓重建，就是美国北方试图改造美国南方社会，让那些获得自由的黑人，真正成为美国公民3K党想做的恰恰相反，他们要恢复白人的统治，把数百万刚刚获得自由的黑人重新压回去，这是第一代3K党。我们等一会儿更加详细讨论。到了1915年，第二代3K党出现了它的诞生，受到一部电影的影响The Birth of a Nation一个国家的诞生。但是这一代3K党已经完全变了，它不再仅仅是一个南方现象，而是开始扩展到北方和中西部大城市。
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And the reason for that is that the Klan is most popular in states that have very small Black populations. Its real targets are two other groups. And to quote the future Imperial wizard, Hiram Evans, who we'll be talking about next time, the Negro is not the menace to Americanism in the same sense that the Jew or the Roman Catholic is a menace. So these are the real targets, Jews and Catholics. Jews first, there are maybe three and a half million Jews in America in 1920, and they're mainly in the cities of the Northeast. And this is definitely a boom period for anti-Semitism.
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但是这一代3K党已经完全变了，它不再仅仅是一个南方现象，而是开始扩展到北方和中西部大城市。比如说芝加哥和底特律，而且第二代3K党的敌人也从黑人扩大到了犹太人移民天主教徒。就换句话说，这一代3K党的核心是白人，新教徒至上主义。虽然说可能在我们的眼中，犹太人和天主教徒都是白人，但是在第二代3K党的眼中，他们也歧视这群人，更重要的是，这第二代3K党的规模巨大，它在巅峰时期可能到达500万成员，这是一个真正影响全美国的政治组织。
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And the question is, is there a way to mobilize that majority? And, you know, I mean, I don't want to get too political. I mean, but that comes down is do the opposition, does it take the, we fight power with power attack or do we try and find and mobilize a middle or a center that can actually reaffirm certain liberal. Constitutional Republican values. No, there's no right or wrong to that. I'm just saying that's a question.
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这个在统计上几乎是不可能的。唯一合理的解释就是他们的投票被彻底压制，或者说计票被直接篡改，也就是说，暴力已经成为一种政治手段，并且在某些地方取代了正常的政治过程。那更深层的问题，我们要问的是，美国是一个联邦制国家，联邦政府和州政府之间存在权力划分。如果说州籍权力本身落入了那些纵容甚至参与暴力的人的手中。那么从制度上来说，美国很难找到一个能够有效遏止这一切的力量。