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目标片段拉斯科尔尼科夫把自己想象成属于非凡的人。那一小撮人，他把自己归到非凡的人这个行列里面。在这里有一个常见的对于最语乏的错误解释，就是认为托斯科尔夫斯基在这里受到了尼采超人理论的启发。他描绘的男主角，把自己想象成超人。这种解释。我之所以说错误，就是他在时间上错误。因为托斯科尔夫斯基在1868年写出最语乏的时候，尼采还没有写出超人理论。尼采写出超人理论，差不多要等到20年之后，而且尼采是托斯科尔夫斯基的粉丝尼采非常欣赏托斯科尔夫斯基。
来源片段So maybe you say, well, it's not that Dostoevsky was referencing Nietzsche directly, but the character of Raskolnikov was referencing ideas that were going on at the time that Nietzsche later crystallized in his philosophy. Well, this is an even worse misunderstanding, understanding because Raskolnikov was the exact kind of person that Nietzsche spent most of his career critiquing. Dostoevsky, when he writes Raskolnikov, intends for him to be a character that was a reactionary passive vessel of the ideas that were gaining popularity during his time. Then by being this inauthentic person, lacking self-awareness, just carrying these ideas out, that's what gets him into the trouble that he's going to have to come to terms with for the rest of the book.
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来源片段
But a double murder for Dostoevsky is going to be an absolutely perfect site to explore the contradictions of Russian nihilism when taken to their natural ends as consequences in the real world. You know, it's been said that the true drama of crime and punishment is actually the complexity of the internal experience of Raskolnikov and him coming to terms slowly and painfully with the true reasons why he committed these murders in the first place.
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我想论证的是，如果我们把罪与罚这个小说展现出来的拉斯克尔尼科夫为什么杀人背后的两个动机先呈现出来。我们把这两个动机放置在托斯托耶夫斯基写作的那个1860年代，俄国知识分子圈层的激进思想背景之中。
来源片段
Well, this is an even worse misunderstanding, understanding because Raskolnikov was the exact kind of person that Nietzsche spent most of his career critiquing. Dostoevsky, when he writes Raskolnikov, intends for him to be a character that was a reactionary passive vessel of the ideas that were gaining popularity during his time.
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这种理论往往不会带来道德的进步，反而会成为最危险行为的借口，最愈罚是妥斯托耶夫斯基对于这一整套思想氛围的一次文学回应，拉斯科尔尼克夫不仅是一个贫困的学生，他更像是那个时代激进思想的一种极端化神。
来源片段
Now, for some context here, as we talked about last time, Dostoevsky always has in his sights the rational utopianism of his time, where part of it is believing that through utilitarian rational calculations, we can arrive at the truth, we can arrive at moral truth, and we can arrive at a utopian socialist system of organizing people that can be perfected if we just get better at this moral calculus. That by just weighing the rational pros and cons of an action, that we can justify our actions as long as we can prove that the pros outweighed the cons.
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当他试图用理性来证明谋杀的正当性的时候，妥斯托耶夫斯基实际上是在提出一个问题，如果道德真的可以完全建立在理性计算之上，那人类社会最终会走向何方，会不会为了所谓的利益计算而杀人，那事实就是托的教训没有成功20世纪的激进主义一遍又一遍的让我们看到，
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He knows there's people every so often throughout history that'll come along and go against the traditional moral order of things and create what he calls a new word. And what he means by that is he create a new set of moral criteria for themselves to live by.
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在他的逻辑中，这些人之所以能够突破秩序，是因为他们承担着一种历史使命。他们站在历史正确的这边，他们要创造新的法则，开辟新的历史法律，算什么、道德算什么，他站在更高的正义立场之上，
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So the real question becomes, when people sit around and moralize about which things are good or bad in the world and sit around and use their time to judge other people's behavior, how can we explain the kind of activity that they're involved in there? What is morality really?
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倘若世界上并不存在真正具有普遍约束力的道德法则。那么我们拿什么去决定一个行为是否正当，是否正义呢？
S1：2 个窗口回退
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But the fact that it can feel to you, like you are the one that solely, individually came up with those ideas, and that they're your special ideas that you've reasoned to, this can be an illusion that smacks you in the face the second these theories are tested in the real world. And the first evidence you can see of Raskolnikov coming to terms with this fact for himself is when he commits these two murders, and then his life turns into an absolute living hell for him afterwards. Yeah, turns out, it didn't matter how many utilitarian arguments he had about why killing these people was the right thing to do, on the other side of actually doing it, he clearly does not feel like this was morally justifiable. He's not the person he thought he was. He's sick every day with guilt.
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答案只剩下一个，那就是行动者自身的力量意志以及他所产生的历史效果。从这个角度来看，罪与法描绘的正是这样的一套思想，在道德领域可能产生的后果是什么？因此，拉斯克尔尼科夫的杀人动机不是一个孤立的人物的心理问题。他实际上是1860年代俄国激进思想气候的一种集中体现在他的内心深处。这两种观念不断冲突，不断摇摆，对吧？一方面，他试图用功利主义的社会理性为谋杀寻找理由。他在问这个人对社会有益吗？
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And look, if it's not obvious, this is not the picture of a person who's a man-god, who's created their own set of moral values that they believe in. No, this is a picture of someone who's come up with a rationalization for their behavior, but truly, at their core, is a member of a network, a culture, a set of ethical truths that they now realize they just made a decision where they have completely violated what it is they actually believe. Now, how many people out there listening can relate to this feeling that he's having? I mean, maybe you've never murdered somebody. I mean, hopefully you've never murdered somebody.
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他是在抓着那个时代最流行、最时髦最以为正确的观念，然后一步一步的在追问。如果你真的相信那套观念会发生什么？如果你真的相信人，不过是利益计算的动物。如果你真的相信道德，不过是功利的函数。如果你相信某些非凡的人，天然拥有跨越边界的权利。如果你相信为了一个更高的目标，可以牺牲一个具体的人，那最后会发生什么？这语法不是一个令人毛骨悚然的小说，那个老太婆被斧头砍死，其实读起来不可怕。
S2：3 个窗口回退
来源片段
And so the novel ends on this incredibly ghoulish image that they again dig up this already sort of twice dug up corpse, and they find a manuscript. And so it's tightly rolled up and has been miraculously conserved for over 100 years in this peat bog. And that manuscript is the sinner's narrative that we have been reading. So it's a novel published in 1824, but actually taking place over 100 years earlier. So it's in a way, it's a historical novel at the same time. I mean, he was quite successful in persuading people that he hadn't written it because people went on ascribing it to other people afterwards.
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当然，最好的传记是Joseph Frank约瑟夫·弗兰克写的五卷本，这是有史以来最好的妥斯托耶夫斯基传记，他一共写了整整五本书。我看了一下，只有第一本被翻译成了中文，是广西师范大学出版社旗下的贝贝特在2014年翻译的都十多年以前了，我合理的猜测是出版社只买了第一本的版权，想看看卖怎么样再买。接下来四本的版权结果第一本卖的不怎么样，于是后面四本就没有再被出版。但是这个第一本传记只写了妥斯托耶夫斯基人生的前25年1821到1849年就只写到他被放逐西伯利亚。
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And then in the sort of off-centre of this novel is an original tale, as it were, something clearly that has come down from generation to generation. I feel that the private memoirs hasn't quite become, it's an Oxford classic in publication, but hasn't quite attained the status of a classic. Do you feel that? And I thought the one reason might be that when I reread it, the first time I read it, I was absolutely bowled over. But I think it does depend a little on suspense. So when I reread it, the fact that I knew what was going to happen actually slightly diminished, the lurid effect. Yeah, it suffered, I think, because it was, for many different reasons, whether political or literary, neglected during the 19th century after its publication.
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我把我的这个导读发给我朋友三联生活周刊的出版总监罗丹妮那个他前年做了人性的深渊，无屑于案。这本书嘛我们在讨论，如果回到最语乏，如果看懂最语乏这本小说，或许能够对无屑于杀母的动机，有更深的理解，就是我不认同这本书的作者的一些分析。他在书中说无屑，于是因为某些感情没有发育，没有长大，没有长大，他才会去犯下杀害母亲。这样的事情好像就是因为他没有受过启蒙，没有足够的教养，才会犯下如此滔天大罪，这是一种启蒙主义信念，对吧？
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Because at one time he thinks that his demon, Gil Martin, is actually Peter the Great in disguise. So there's a sort of sense there that deference towards the mighty and the powerful is being indicted by Hogg, because it's a form of self-deception. Yeah, and there are actually, and in terms of the comedy, some of the comedy is just pure hypocrisy. And it's the something, if it weren't so horrifying, and if we weren't reading a serial killer, it would be just genuinely funny to watch this incredibly priggish. Even in the passage we read when he meets Satan, you know, he's soaring above for these contemptible other humans. I love actually just how it's a paragraph break, and then he's brought low. It's a paragraph break.
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如果你真的相信道德，不过是功利的函数。如果你相信某些非凡的人，天然拥有跨越边界的权利。如果你相信为了一个更高的目标，可以牺牲一个具体的人，那最后会发生什么？这语法不是一个令人毛骨悚然的小说，那个老太婆被斧头砍死，其实读起来不可怕。拉斯克尔尼克夫发烧做梦崩溃，忏悔也不可怕。他真正毛骨悚然的地方在于，这个杀人的逻辑不是一个疯子的胡言乱语，而是一个受过教育的人，一步步试图说服自己。因为小说的读者也必然同样是受过教育的阶层。
S3：2 个窗口回退
来源片段
I realize you have to have a certain amount of luck in the writing business. And I was very lucky. It wasn't that I was pressing it. I certainly had no idea that this was going to. I was interested in it purely from intellectual, and you might say political, reasons. Now, there's a second side, of course, to my interest in Freud. But can I ask, before you go to the second side, about when you say that he was trying to be rescued from the conservative reading of him. Yeah. His being a pessimist doesn't necessarily equate to being a conservative. Being a cultural, let's say social pessimist can even be the marks of someone who had radical ideas, but just didn't have any hope that they would ever be incorporated within the society at large.
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我就是想知道拿破仑会不会这么干，我去杀人，就是为了我自己，我为了我自己去杀人，我想试一试，这是一次非凡的自我实验。我在这里想要强调的这个矛盾，仅仅是如果你是一个最语乏的仔细读者，我们可能不得不面对的问题，就是谋杀究竟是出于公立主义的关怀，还是为了检验自己是不是属于那种超越道德的非凡之人。因为这两个原因不同，你可以说他们可以同时存在于一个人的心中，但它仍然是两个不同的动机。而且我甚至可以说这两个动机是相互矛盾的。
来源片段
Now, there's a second side, of course, to my interest in Freud. But can I ask, before you go to the second side, about when you say that he was trying to be rescued from the conservative reading of him. Yeah. His being a pessimist doesn't necessarily equate to being a conservative. Being a cultural, let's say social pessimist can even be the marks of someone who had radical ideas, but just didn't have any hope that they would ever be incorporated within the society at large. He expressly, though, in Civilization and its Discontents of 1929, takes on Marx or the Marxists and chastises them for their failure to understand human nature, namely the perennial aggression and hostility of human beings, and that their notions about a just society in which if you solve the economic problem, you would solve the human problem.
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因此，拉斯克尔尼科夫的杀人动机不是一个孤立的人物的心理问题。他实际上是1860年代俄国激进思想气候的一种集中体现在他的内心深处。这两种观念不断冲突，不断摇摆，对吧？一方面，他试图用功利主义的社会理性为谋杀寻找理由。他在问这个人对社会有益吗？如果没有益处，那我消灭他是不是反而可以带来更多的好处？另外一方面，他把自己想象成是一个非凡的人。某些人天生拥有超越法律和道德的权利。当道德被重新解释成是功利计算，或者被还原成个人意志的表达。
S4：2 个窗口回退
来源片段
Philosophy is without rights, therefore modern man, if he were at all courageous and conscientious, ought to condemn her, and perhaps banish her with words similar to those by which Plato banished the tragic poets from his state. End quote. Once again there's an irony to Nietzsche's musings here. He's tacitly accepting the notion that modernity is anti-philosophical. It would reject such a way of thinking as that of the pre-plotonic philosopher, who is hewn from one stone, uncompromising a coherent, integral expression of a tyrannical idea. Philosophy has been relegated to the fringes. Modernity regards such an uncompromising attempt at rendering the world in one's own image as absurdity, or insanity, or even dangerous.
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车尔尼雪夫斯基所设想的那种和谐统一。相反，当理性真正面对人类人格中那些难以控制的欲望、激情和冲动的时候，理性往往显得非常软弱，甚至完全无力到了罪与罚。托。斯托耶夫斯基把这个问题推到了一个极端的地步。在这个小说里，他要讨论的其实是一个现代问题。就当知识分子开始借助抽象的现代理论为自己的行为辩护，并且试图用理性重新定义朴素道德的时候，比如说不能杀人，那会发生什么？
来源片段
Accordingly, when Nietzsche describes this series of thinkers, they are striking both in their difference from us and our modern ways of thinking, and in their difference from the ways of thinking that preceded them, the ways of thinking that were common in their own culture. Each such philosopher is an art-tiple figure, a man who stands for one big idea. Whatever other constituent ideas may be included, they are really just further elaborations on the central idea. In this same preface, Nietzsche admits, most philosophies are useful only to their creator, and to subsequent generations, they just look like one big mistake. And accordingly, it's easy to dismiss the prepletonics as many have throughout history.
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为什么拉斯克尔尼克夫会认为非凡的人有权逾越既有的道德和法律。在他的逻辑中，这些人之所以能够突破秩序，是因为他们承担着一种历史使命。他们站在历史正确的这边，他们要创造新的法则，开辟新的历史法律，算什么、道德算什么，他站在更高的正义立场之上，这种思想不是凭空出现的对吧？他和他就是和当时俄国思想界的一种重要潮流，密切相关。皮萨列夫非常蔑视传统道德。他强调，个体自我的实现。在某种程度上，他默认强者少数人被启蒙的人有权突破，就有的社会规范。