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目标片段还有瑞典帝国在彼得大帝出生的1672年，瑞典已经崛起为强大的军事国家，统治着芬兰、爱沙尼亚、纳托维亚和北德部分地区。
来源片段So the Swedish Empire has only recently become a great power. But at this point in time, 1672, it controls Finland, Estonia and Latvia, as well as parts of northern Germany.
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So this place we talked about last time, which is full of kind of Scotsmen and Dutchmen and things. And they're all smoking pipes outside Protestant churches and talking to women.
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我要去和我的朋友，我的士兵，我的车床混在一起，记不记得我之前刚刚说过，莫斯科这个城市里，外国人住在一个德国人区。这个德国人区主要是苏格兰人和荷兰人，这些苏格兰人和荷兰人才是彼得大帝真正的好朋友，他们一起在新教教堂外面抽烟斗和女人交谈，
S1：4 个窗口回退
来源片段
He loves the German suburb. So this place we talked about last time, which is full of kind of Scotsmen and Dutchmen and things. And they're all smoking pipes outside Protestant churches and talking to women. Which the Orthodox Church doesn't approve of at all. Which the Orthodox Church doesn't approve of at all. And his closest friends, or some of them at least, come from the German suburb. So we talked last time, we promised we'd talk about General Gordon. We always liked General Gordon on the show. This is a different General Gordon. Not the bloke who died in Khartoum. But still a friend of the show. Yeah. He's a Scottish mercenary who came from the Highlands. He came from a Catholic family.
目标片段
这个德国人区主要是苏格兰人和荷兰人，这些苏格兰人和荷兰人才是彼得大帝真正的好朋友，他们一起在新教教堂外面抽烟斗和女人交谈，东正教俄罗斯的东正教会对此完全不赞成。但是当时的俄罗斯沙皇彼得却整天和这些外国密友，对吧？住在德国人区的苏格兰人和荷兰人一起喝酒、抽烟开派对开单身派对射击火枪狂欢，并且这些狂欢派对里充斥着极端的恶作剧。
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And I think he clearly wanted the all drunken synod to mock the Orthodox Church, but he knew he couldn't do it directly. So the rituals are Catholic, exactly as you say, because it would be far too subversive. Yeah. Just on Peter's attitude to the Orthodox Church. I mean, he is still a devout believer, isn't he? Yes, he is. It's not like he is a kind of Frederick the Great or someone like that who is contemptuous of Christianity. No, he's not at all. He is still pious, but he's fascinated by other forms of Christianity, as we'll see. When he goes abroad, he wants to find out all about them. He's curious. Yeah, so that's why he's talking to Gilbert Burnett.
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我想说的是，虽然说他们在嘲笑的确实是俄罗斯东正教会的权威，但是不代表彼得是一个无神论者，或者是一个科学主义者，他本人仍然保持着虔诚信仰，但是对着各类的基督教心是极具好奇心，积极了解不同的基督教宗派。我在这里强调，一个对于宗教不敏感的中国人不可能意识到的重要细节，注意跟彼得玩的最亲密的人是谁？苏格兰人和荷兰人，苏格兰人和荷兰人是什么？基督教中的新教国家，我们知道彼得后来去欧洲学习的时候，都是在新教国家学习的。
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You mentioned Archangel in the previous episode. It's on the White Sea. It's the only Russian outlet to the sea. It's a little bit of a forerunner of St. Petersburg, actually, because it has English and Dutch. It has sailors who live there. It has sort of churches, Protestant churches. Yeah. When you go to Archangel, there's taverns full of sort of Dutch sea captains smoking pipes and talking about William of Orange. And he loves that. And he goes up there. And it's actually at this point that he designs a flag for his sort of navy. Because he's very interested in Holland, he models it on the flag of the Dutch States General, but he reorders the colours.
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不过这个我们等会更加详细的讲，现在先回到彼得作为沙皇的统治，在狂欢和恶作剧之外，彼得并未荒废国事。他同时大力推进海军建设计划，打造俄国的第一支现代化舰队。他前往位于白海沿岸。当时俄国唯一的出海口阿尔汉克格尔斯克这个城市里面居住着大量的英国荷兰水手，还有新教教堂，酒馆里挤满了抽烟斗的荷兰船长，彼得对此深深的着迷。在这个期间，他为海军俄罗斯海军设立了一面新的旗帜，参考的是荷兰三级会议旗，并且调换颜色，最终成为了今日俄罗斯白蓝红三色国旗的雏形。
来源片段
When you go to Archangel, there's taverns full of sort of Dutch sea captains smoking pipes and talking about William of Orange. And he loves that. And he goes up there. And it's actually at this point that he designs a flag for his sort of navy. Because he's very interested in Holland, he models it on the flag of the Dutch States General, but he reorders the colours. So it's the white, blue and red flag of today's Russian Federation. So it's basically Dutch. It's Dutch. Exactly. So the Russian navy is English and the flag is Dutch. Yeah.
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当时俄国唯一的出海口阿尔汉克格尔斯克这个城市里面居住着大量的英国荷兰水手，还有新教教堂，酒馆里挤满了抽烟斗的荷兰船长，彼得对此深深的着迷。在这个期间，他为海军俄罗斯海军设立了一面新的旗帜，参考的是荷兰三级会议旗，并且调换颜色，最终成为了今日俄罗斯白蓝红三色国旗的雏形。也就是说，俄罗斯联邦的白蓝红三色旗基本上就是荷兰旗，这是一个普京今天绝对不会提及的事实。
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So the Russian navy is English and the flag is Dutch. Yeah.
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他们的俄罗斯海军是英式的，他们的海军旗是荷兰的，然后彼得开始打仗了。
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So he decides he wants to capture Azov on the Black Sea. The first go at it in 1695 doesn't work.
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他的第一个目标是奥斯曼人。当时，俄国和波兰立陶宛联邦签有协议，说是要一起对抗奥斯曼，于是彼得决定要占领黑海沿岸的雅塑港1695年第一次进攻失败。
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But in 1696, he goes down the River Don with loads of Cossacks. And he captures Azov from the Ottomans.
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但是一年之后，1696年，他带领大军再度出征，从奥斯曼人手中攻下雅塑港，这是俄罗斯20年来第一次军事上的胜利意义重大。因为现在彼得有了一个出海口，他在莫斯科举行了凯旋仪式。
来源片段
And here again, you see his kind of westernizing ambitions.
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在这里，我们能够再次看出彼得想要西化的这个独有的野心。
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So very second Rome. Exactly. But Peter's is really very first Rome.
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然后我们看到彼得的凯旋是什么？俄罗斯不是第二罗马，俄罗斯是第一罗马，也就是说基督教化之前的古典罗马到处我们看到他的凯旋仪式上是古典罗马的元素。
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They put Julius Caesar's, I came, I saw, I conquered, Veni, Vidi, Viki, on kind of classical gates. As always, Peter, his role playing, his performative humility is on display.
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在这个古典风格的凯旋门上刻着Venny vidi vici.我来我见我来了，我看见了我征服了这种凯撒大帝的名言，彼得也在自己的战役中表现得非常英勇。
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And he walks with the captains of his galleys wearing an ordinary German captain's uniform.
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在凯旋典礼上，他自己又穿着一个普通的德国船长制服和其他船长一起步行。
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And then just weeks after this victory comes an unbelievable announcement from the foreign ministry. Peter is sending a great embassy to Europe, to England, to Denmark, to the Dutch states, to Brandenburg, to Venice.
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在这场战役之后，1696年战役之后，俄罗斯外交部发布了一条惊人的消息，沙皇彼得要派出一个庞大的使团去欧洲。在英国、丹麦、荷兰布兰登堡，就是当时德国当时德国还不是一个国家，就是一堆一堆乱七八糟的城市，
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This embassy is going to be led by his mate, the Franz Laufour, and they're going to recruit officers and shipwrights and sailors to come back to Russia and to build a fleet. And they're going to learn from the advanced nations of the West.
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还要去威尼斯。在这些地方招募军官、造船、工人和水手回来，建立俄罗斯舰队，要向西方先进国家学习，然后俄罗斯很快就出现了一个谣言，
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No Russian Tsar has ever traveled outside Russia, except when they're fighting before. It's unprecedented.
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欧洲是历史上首次有俄国沙皇在非战争情况下离开俄国。
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But the more obvious kind of personal reason is that he is just absolutely fascinated with the West, with Holland and England in particular.
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但是更深层的个人动机是对荷兰、英国等西方先进国家的热情与好奇，他渴望亲自考察如何造船学习造船技术，
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And he has a seal made that has the inscription, I am a student and I am looking for teachers. Yeah. So he's pretty explicit about it.
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并且深知俄国与西方的差距正在快速拉大，他甚至刻着一枚写着我是学生，我在寻找老师的印章，明确表明学习的目的。
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He goes to the two great Protestant adversaries of France. I think they're flattered, England and the Dutch Republic, by Peter's attentions.
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法国在欧洲的两大新教，对吧？新教是基督教的另外一个流派新教的对手，英国和荷兰对于英国和荷兰来说，为什么彼得到访，能够让他们感到受宠若惊，
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And the other thing he's very keen on is the techniques that are being developed in by Dutch anatomists to preserve corpses. Yeah.
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他对荷兰解剖学家开发的防腐技术非常感兴趣。
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However, he's a bit disappointed by his time in Holland because the Dutch, when they build a ship, they sort of do it intuitively. They don't have blueprints.
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后来，在圣彼得堡设立了博物馆和解剖学院的构想，彼得对荷兰的造船工艺虽然敬佩，但是因为他发现荷兰的造船工不用图纸，而是全凭经验造船。
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So, Peter is in the situation of the Romans in the first Punic War. Right. Who have to learn shipbuilding from scratch.
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而是全凭经验造船。因此他感到失望，彼得渴望的是系统的造船说明书，就像罗马人在布尼战争中要早急忙慌的学着造船一样。
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And so on the 8th of January, 1698, Peter sets sail for God's own country, for England. Lucky man.
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1698年1月8日，彼得启航。
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London is a big city at this point, 750,000 people.
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当时伦敦这座城市的人口接近75万，是欧洲最大的城市，它的咖啡馆文化盛行。
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He meets the future Queen Anne at Kensington Palace.
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他在英国王宫克星顿宫会见了未来的安妮女皇，也因为当时出现了大双洞，没有办法立刻进入船厂。
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And he doesn't want to draw attention to himself. So he climbs up to the roof and he watches through a kind of upper gallery sort of skylight style window in the roof as William III is giving assent to tax bills in the House of Lords.
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他在伦敦体验了各种游客打卡，参观了什么？伦敦塔甚至爬到了议会屋顶去，透过天窗偷看威廉三世批准税案，并且他宣称陈明能够坦率直言是英国的优点，
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And then he's preparing to move on to Venice in July when bombshell news. He has a letter from Moscow from his mate Romadonovsky.
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我在说德国城市的时候说的都是城市名，而不是德国。因为那个时候没有德国，然后他还去了维也纳，在他7月份准备前往威尼斯的时候，突然收到了莫斯科好友的来信，
来源片段
So he was the elector of Saxony, Augustus. And he'd been elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1698.
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这个时候彼得还在回国嘛，在回国途中就没有那么急顺途去见了另外一个重要的政治人物Augustus de Strong在1698年当选为波兰国王兼立陶宛大公的奥古斯都二世，他的外号叫做强壮的奥古斯都。
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The Swedes, the most formidable and modern military power in northern Europe.
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当时瑞典我说过是北欧最强大、最现代化的军事力量。
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To Orthodox Russians, the beard was a gift from God.
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对于东正教的俄国人来说，胡须是上帝的恩赐，替须之罪，连殉道者的鲜血都无法洗情。
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So basically, up to this point, Russian noblemen had worn these caftans, floppy coloured boots, very exotic garb.
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此前的俄国贵族要穿的是长袍松垮的长彩靴等等，就是非常具有东方化的服饰。
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He says, I want people to wear what they call French or German style coats.
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他说必须要穿德国或者是法国风格的短上衣。
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But among the elite, it did because foreign ambassadors say that by the middle of the sort of first decade of the 18th century, at balls and at banquets and things, people will be dressing in the German manner.
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所以说等我们到了18世纪的前面10年，在莫斯科的宴会和舞会上，全部的贵族都穿着德国德式的服装。
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Now, of course, he has come home because he's heard about this mutiny among the Streltsi. The people who had, you know, carried out that horrendous massacre in front of him when he was 10 years old.
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他之所以急着回国，就是因为听到了这个禁卫军叛乱的消息嘛，这些人就是在他10岁的时候，他经历过那些血腥屠杀的凶手，于是彼得一回国，在政治上必须要做的事情，他认为是永远除掉这些禁卫军。
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And in July 1700, he agrees a 30-year truce with the Ottomans. Peter will keep his conquest at Azov that we talked about at the beginning of this episode.
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彼得大帝非常喜欢在开派对的时候，斗熊最终在1700年7月，彼得与奥斯曼帝国达成30年停战，保留了亚素港。
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And the very next day, the 19th of August 1700. Peter declares war on Sweden.
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虽然说他放弃了自己在黑海的野心，但是迅速把战略重心转向了波罗的海。1700年8月18日，与奥斯曼帝国停战的消息一传来8月19日就随即向瑞典宣战，由此拉开了大北方战争的序幕。
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But he becomes the embodiment of Russia's aspiration to join the top table of the world's powers and to rank alongside the nations of Western Europe. So Peter has become this enduring symbol of the kind of the struggle for Russia's soul, caught between East and West, Europe and Asia.
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与此同时，在彼得大帝身上，我们看到的也正是现代俄罗斯民族这个国家人民灵魂的核心张力，也就是东方和西方的张力，欧洲和亚洲的对立。
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It was founded in the late 12th century.
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他建于12世纪末，因为蒙古人入侵带来的混乱而崛起。
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And amid the chaos, the principality of Muscovy or Moscow had risen and swallowed up its neighbours, a bit like kind of Rome, I suppose, in the Italian peninsula, had become the sort of defining power of the area, of the region.
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当时的莫斯科公国，就像是意大利半岛上的罗马一样，不断吞并邻国，最后成为了俄罗斯地区的主导力量。
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But there's a kind of exoticism to it, even then. So the culture of Moscow, of Muscovy, is this really interesting fusion of the legacy of Kiev and Rus, the kind of the semi-state that Harold Hardrada visited a few weeks ago, that had been established by the Vikings when they'd gone east.
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与此同时，俄罗斯也带着一种东方异域风情，莫斯科文化结合了基辅罗斯和蒙古金帐国的遗产。但是最核心的是东正教的影响。
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But above all, orthodoxy. So it sees itself as carrying, you know, the sort of precious gift of Christian orthodoxy, especially after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
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但是最核心的是东正教的影响。1453年军事坦丁堡沦陷之后，莫斯科自认为继承了罗马与拜占庭的基督教传统，他自称是莫斯科，
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By 1547, the Grand Prince Ivan IV, who we know as Ivan the Terrible, had crowned himself Caesar, not just of Muscovy, but of what he called all the Russias.
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到了1547年，这个伊凡雷蒂加冕为全俄罗斯的沙皇，然后开启了俄罗斯作为统一国家概念的时代，
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So the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which is this very strange state, all we need to say about it at this point is the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth has basically been kicking the Russians around for quite a long time. They'd actually occupied the Kremlin in Moscow in 1610.
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我们在这里先列一遍给大家一个地理概念。西边的波兰立陶宛联邦是一个当时已经走向衰败的国家，曾经长期压制俄罗斯，甚至在1610年占领过莫斯科的克里姆林宫。
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So Sweden is a Protestant power. Yeah.
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对了，瑞典是一个新教基督教新教的中间力量。
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So the first marriage was to a woman called Maria Miloslavskaya.
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而第一任妻子玛利亚、米罗斯拉夫卡亚、玛利亚、米利斯拉夫卡利亚为他生下了两个孩子。
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He has his own laboratory and his own private theatre.
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他收藏书籍拥有实验室，拥有私人剧院。
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So his wife is called Mary Hamilton, and she is the daughter of a Scottish royalist who fled abroad after the execution of Charles I. Because although the Russians are quite xenophobic, the Tsar himself has a lot of sympathy for exiles from the civil wars in Britain, doesn't he?
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对西方技术充满了热情，他自己还娶了一个苏格兰流亡党派的女子叫做玛丽·海米尔顿。这个在排外的俄罗斯很不寻常。
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Because they think all foreigners basically are Germans, is that right? Yes, exactly. And they say all these Germans, whether they be Dutch, Scottish, English, or whatever, or indeed German, they have to go and live there.
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他把所有的外国人主要其实不是德国人，主要是荷兰人、英国人和苏格兰人。他把这些外国人都称为德国人，并且让这些外国人生活在这个所谓的德国郊区里面，在里面保持自己的生活方式，
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And we know that their influence is spreading outside, that people are copying them.
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我们知道这些西方人的影响在俄罗斯不断的扩散，人们开始模仿他们。
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Because when Peter was three years old, Alexis had to give a rollicking to his courtiers and said to them, you know, stop adopting German customs, stop cutting your hair and wearing hats of foreign design. So the Russians take all this stuff, which seems so comical, they take it incredibly seriously.
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彼得三岁那年，阿列克谢就训斥宫廷大臣，在效仿德国人括号。这些德国人就就是都是荷兰人和苏格兰人在模仿这些所谓德国人的穿着和习惯。
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Now, there are hints that Peter's mother, Natalia, also likes this fascination with Western habits, that she's probably got this from Matveev because she's been spending so much time in his house.
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比如说戈长胡子之类的，彼得幼年大多在城外和母亲一起度过他的母亲纳塔利亚也喜欢西方习俗，很有可能是从那个首席大臣那里受到的影响。
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But then the first of many bombshells in this story, his father catches a chill and dies at the age of 47 in 1676. So that's what was Peter.
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这个故事的第一个转折点到了彼得的爸爸得了风寒。在1676年去世。
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And he is succeeded by the older of Peter's two half-brothers. So this bloke, Fedor, who's now 14.
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当时彼得只有三岁半，他爸爸只有年仅47岁，接着彼得的两个同父异母的哥哥中的长子继承了王位，也就是费奥多尔。当时费奥多尔只有14岁，体弱到，甚至需要被人抬着去参加自己的加冕典礼。
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This is not the case at all. So Fedor is quite nice to Peter. And he's a little bit of a reformer, Fedor. But he dies young as well. So he rules for six years and then he dies. And now we have a big succession crisis. So it's 1682. Peter is 10 years old. He's this big, big boy, huge and bright. But he's only a child, of course. And he has one remaining half-brother who is Ivan, who is 16 years old. He can't walk. He can't see. He speaks only with difficulty.
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当时彼得只有三岁半，他爸爸只有年仅47岁，接着彼得的两个同父异母的哥哥中的长子继承了王位，也就是费奥多尔。当时费奥多尔只有14岁，体弱到，甚至需要被人抬着去参加自己的加冕典礼。我们在接下来的一整个故事中看到的其实就是这个太子家族和彼得大帝。他妈这个家族这两个家族之间的权力斗争，费奥多尔登基之后，直接把首席大臣流放到了北极圈。但是，费奥多尔短命统治，六年后去世，俄罗斯陷入继承危机1682年10岁的彼得和16岁几乎又盲又雅的伊凡，成为了王位争夺焦点。他们代表的就是这两大家族两派，在费奥多尔临终前激烈争吵。
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Russia's medieval past, its heritage from Constantinople, what he sees as its kind of barbarism and superstition. So kind of icons with candle wax dripping down them and all of that.
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对于禁卫军的深仇大恨，同时憎恶他们所代表的一切，俄罗斯的传统，俄罗斯的中世纪旧旧制，他来自军事坦丁堡继承来的遗产，以及在他眼中充满了野蛮和迷信的东西。
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So kind of icons with candle wax dripping down them and all of that. A golden icon kind of glimmering in the murk with smoke from candles in front of it and men with gigantic beards chanting.
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以及在他眼中充满了野蛮和迷信的东西。比如说什么竹类滴落在圣像上，在昏暗中闪烁的金色圣像鸟鸟生起的竹烟，大胡子的男人们迎送着圣歌。
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This, which a lot of people find very attractive about Russian culture and is part of the sort of slightly Orientalist fantasy of Russia.
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这是当时绝大多数欧洲人觉得俄罗斯文化迷人充满东方幻想的部分。
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Peter despises this.
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但是，彼得对此深恶痛绝。
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So in the long run, these two regiments evolve into the Preobraszensky and Semyonovsky Guards Regiments, which become the oldest regiments in the Russian army. And they were only disbanded, Tom, after the Russian Revolution. So there you go. Such vandalism. So basically, they spend all their time digging trenches, playing war games. And Peter joins him, but he insists, and this is a defining thing about him. He says, I'm not going to be a commander. I'll just be a common soldier. He loves this kind of play acting, this role playing. So he says, I'm a drummer boy. And every now and again, he gives himself a promotion.
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在彼得十到十六岁之间，他生活在莫斯科城外的庄园里面，在那里沉迷于疯狂的军事游戏。他让父亲的仆人们组建成演习军队，到十几岁的时候，附近的年轻人蜂拥而至，加入这场就是小彼得的游戏军队。最终，这支军队也变成了俄罗斯历史上最古老的敬畏军团，彼得自己坚持从小兵做起，慢慢生成了炮兵，这种不靠出身，强调才能的态度，明显具有政治意义。这是对于俄罗斯政治制度，就是出生来就被贵族划分到一个等级的政治制度的挑战。我真的我应该什么时候在播客里面讲一讲瑟诺芬写的居鲁士，大帝的教育，彼得大帝的成长和波斯古代波斯最伟大的帝王居鲁士真的有点异曲同工之妙。
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And it's around this time, isn't it, that he starts signing his name Petrus, so the Latin form of Peter. And of course, he's learning Dutch from speaking to these Dutchmen.
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我们等一会也会讨论他是如何开启俄罗斯海军的雏形。他热衷于与荷兰人交往，荷兰人未来也会很重要学习荷兰语，并且他签名的时候改用自己的拉丁文名Petras向西方世界看齐彼得的母亲，
S2：2 个窗口回退
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He says to Sophia, if you don't strike against Peter now, you have to kill him now, because otherwise he will strike against you. But she hesitates. She doesn't want to lose the moral high ground. And then on the 7th of August, she gets a note, an anonymous note, saying that Peter is going to attack you. He's going to attack you with his boy soldiers and kill you. Now, no one really knows where this note is from. But she sort of panics and she orders the Streltsy onto kind of full alert. Meanwhile, some of Peter's mates say to him, Sophia is going to strike against you.
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如果你不穿西方人的服装，就会被彼得大帝亲自用剃刀和剪刀伺候。与此同时，彼得还下定决心，以大规模镇压来树立自己的威慑。记不记得之前还有一个姐姐索菲亚彼得坚信当时还被囚禁在修道院的索菲亚市，对于自己政权巩固的最大威胁。他之所以急着回国，就是因为听到了这个禁卫军叛乱的消息嘛，这些人就是在他10岁的时候，他经历过那些血腥屠杀的凶手，于是彼得一回国，在政治上必须要做的事情，他认为是永远除掉这些禁卫军。
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He's going to attack you with his boy soldiers and kill you. Now, no one really knows where this note is from. But she sort of panics and she orders the Streltsy onto kind of full alert. Meanwhile, some of Peter's mates say to him, Sophia is going to strike against you. She's mobilized the Streltsy. So I think what's clearly happened is that people behind the scenes have been stirring up trouble and sort of turning the two against each other. And they say, you must flee for your life. So Peter and his friends do flee for their lives and they flee to the most important and the holiest of all Russian monasteries, which is called the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius.
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然后他在自己的姐姐修道院的门前公开处决了数百人有的被绞死，有的被斩首，有的被车裂，有的被火直接拷死，尸体全部都挂在姐姐。索菲亚的窗外为他制造精神恐吓那段历史非常非常的血腥和残忍，彼得亲自拿着手杖毒打这些士兵，他的暴行之残酷，连东正教的墓首都看不下去，跟他说，够了，停手吧。根据奥地利外交官记载，彼得亲自用斧头砍下了五个人的头。当众行刑，极其血腥和残忍。
S3：2 个窗口回退
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resources to do this stuff to do what he wants at the moment i mean we're talking about him as if he's on his own but he's in this kind of weird situation where he's sharing power yes the result of that terrible sort of that terrible streltsy rebellion was that he was he succeeded the throne with his elder brother who was a simple minded or an incapable of of ruling and he's actually ruled by his elder half sister sophia who's one of the most extraordinary women in in russia the first woman to rule who at 25 becomes the ruler of russia but in the end the great sovereign lady is what great sovereign lady but but five years later peter's old enough to take power he seizes power from everybody assisted by a man you call the windbag who's well hovansky is a one is the is the
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1689年夏天，17岁的彼得大帝通过镇压宫廷政变，推翻了摄政姐姐，索菲亚正式掌权。他这个时候大概是一个什么形象？身高两米，他是一个巨汉长发小胡子，但没有留传统俄国男性的大胡子，他性格急躁，很可能童年因为目睹家族血腥屠杀，而患上了轻微的癫痫。他虽然拥有绝对权力，我们可能会觉得这个时候彼得大帝要开始一个强权统治，实际上根本就不是他跟母亲说，你来帮我管理俄国吧。
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with peter the great as if he's this kind of wonderful sort of liberal reformer and we always think that about russian rulers and we people thought about about about putin but in fact he just wants western technology to make russia a great military power because in because the first thing he does is march down to the sea of asov by crimea and take the port of asov he takes the ottoman fortress of asov he found taganrog and it's the first time russia has reached the crimea basically and has a has a presence down there and this is a crucial moment crucial moment he gives them a port and i really he doesn't keep it by the way but we'll come to that later um but for a while he has it and the point is that he realizes he needs um the first time he tries to take it
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这里要问一个政治问题，为什么这些外国人俄罗斯前代的敌人会愿意甚至透露自己国家的进步的秘密给俄罗斯这个东正教国家，他在看是为了制衡，谁是为了制衡欧洲列强中以法国为首的天主教国家，对吧？这是宗教政治。不过这个我们等会更加详细的讲，现在先回到彼得作为沙皇的统治，在狂欢和恶作剧之外，彼得并未荒废国事。他同时大力推进海军建设计划，打造俄国的第一支现代化舰队。他前往位于白海沿岸。当时俄国唯一的出海口阿尔汉克格尔斯克这个城市里面居住着大量的英国荷兰水手，还有新教教堂，
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Petersburg are all part of the swedish empire extraordinary extraordinary thing but it's a forgotten empire so in 1700 he attacks nava and he fails to take nava peter it's a terrible humiliation charles of 12 gallops out defeats the army peter flees away gallops away it's an extreme embarrassment and so peter the great is you know just just sort of symbolizes how you know rulers have to learn from mistakes and re relearn yeah um you know relearn how to keep he just he picks himself up and he picks us up and he starts to improve all of his guards regiments his elite guard regiments and he embarks on this war the great northern war last 20 years basically and it doesn't it ends with peter's victories we know
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这场战争，我们今天不会详细讨论，发生在1700到1721年叫做大北方战争。这是彼得大帝针对瑞典王国的侵略行动，也正是在这场大北方战争中，瑞典从18世纪欧洲权力游戏这个名单中逐渐消失了。
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the world knew us but now they must respect us yes yes they've been that they've been a laughing stock i mean they've been regarded as savages i feel john evillin's curtains coming back here yes and now they you know they now they would be regarded differently and also peter's changed the way they we haven't mentioned this but you know when he came back from europe he forced everyone to give up their kaff towns and to shave their beards and cut their hair and in some cases cut the beards himself yes and he cut the beards himself and he now and all the russian elite now dressed like the duke of maubrew would dress or you know in a in a german coat with boots and um you know a german military dress can we talk about one of the darkest chapters i mean it's already pretty dark so just imagine what this is going to sound like but alexey what happens to his son peter peter's well alexey alexey has never forgiven peter for the way he treated his mother doxia who he put away into a confin and divorced um he's also hates the fact that peter always wanted to fight more and more wars and he thinks that peter's a dictator and peter just is just
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乍一看，你就会知道，他跟蒙古人更像，也确实很适合抵御寒冷，彼得完全不认同这些习俗。他认为这是落后，他认为这是亚洲化的服饰。如果你在出席宫廷宴会的时候，仍然按照传统的就是偏向东方的服饰去打扮，彼得会拿着剃刀和剪刀亲自冲过来，当场给你剪衣服。他说必须要穿德国或者是法国风格的短上衣。我要看到马甲，我要看到紧身裤。我要看到女人穿裙子在墨西哥城门的地方，在莫斯科城门的地方，当时的俄国人进城的时候，都会路过手拿剪刀的侍卫。
S4：3 个窗口回退
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The Bolshevik revolution is a contrivance, even in its own terms, because it's a Marxist revolution happening in the place where a Marxist revolution is not meant to happen. The left SR revolution is a natural event if you understand Russian history in that way. So for our what if, we have to now understand why did the left SRs lose out to the Bolsheviks? Because as you've described it, they had the numerical advantage. They were politically well placed in late 1917. They had a more coherent ideological platform if the revolution was to happen in Russia.
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那个时候的第一代活动家徐秋白、 蒋光子、 李大钊、 鲁迅 矛顿、 巴金、 郭沐若都在翻译俄国文学作品。俄国文学进入中国，一开始是作为一种起义的奴隶，代表的思想资源。在五四运动中，俄国文学和马克思主义和西方启蒙思想，是被一百年前的中国学者和革命家带着一种政治目标翻译进入中文。在这个前提上，你可以理解为什么我会说俄国文学进入现代中国人的想象的时候，那些人最高的企图并不是真正去理解俄国文学作为俄国文学本身，
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Whereas the left SR revolution, as you described it, would have been seen as distinctively Russian. So with not too big a tweak to Russian history in late 1917, early 1918, we get a completely different 20th century, don't we? A left SR, we don't want to suggest that the left SRs were not ruthless revolutionaries because they were. The fact that they were opposed to terror, opposed to collectivisation, doesn't mean these weren't tough and many of them violent revolutionaries. But their revolution would not have had the impact on the wider world that the Bolshevik revolution did, which, after all, in a way, the Bolshevik revolution created the 20th century.
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他们就几乎生活在苏联文学语境中，他们跟苏联文学是完全同步的。虽然说文革的十年带来了文学空窗期，那个时候所有文学都读不了了，但是到了改革开放八十年代末、九十年代初的时候，我们仍然看到这种蓬勃的中国人，对于俄罗斯文学的痴迷，在我个人的观察中，我在西方任何一个国家都没有看到能够比你中国人至今仍然具有生命力的对于俄国文学的痴迷，我吉里咕噜说了这么一大堆的目的就在于俄国文学在中国的受欢迎程度是有政治原因的。
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If you think of the way so many African countries have wasted the political capital of new independence, pursuing a sort of mad idea about how you develop agriculture with the Russian image, the Soviet collectivization image, the dominant aspiration. Not so with the left SR Soviet regime. One could almost say that the direction that the 20th century was heading in, we know with hindsight, was on the one hand, nationalism over internationalism. And on the other hand, policies broadly of the left over the right. As you said, workers' rights, welfare state.
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它是扎根在西方文化之上的这个俄罗斯民族精神，只有全面理解了这种融合，我们才可以理解中国现代文化和俄罗斯现代文化之间可能没有可比性。俄罗斯现代文明只能扎根在西方现代文明之上，完全水乳交融之上。普京不承认也没用。我想说的第二点是我们从彼得大帝身上看到的另外一点，现代俄罗斯精神从一开始就是具有帝国扩张野心的，它从一开始就具有和西方列强争霸疆土的野心。今天我们就说这两点，这也是为什么我去看所有20世纪中国人对于俄罗斯的效仿和喜爱，都让我觉得有点没有把铲子挖到俄罗斯现代文明的根基，